The effect of social networking sites on LSBF Students Research Proposal

The marrow of social networking sites on LSBF Students - Research Proposal ExampleThe expected outcomes of the study include that there is a relation between academic surgical operation and accustom of networking sites for breeding and that academic murder augment with the use of social networking sites.The seek proposal will consist of a number of areas that will act as an important guide in the completion of the research project on the effect of social networking sites on LSBF Students academic performance. A background of the study will be established followed by the statement of the research question and aims of the project. The theoretical framework, methodology, timescale and ethical limitations will form the other components of this research proposal.The advent and extended use of social networks for academic, business, and personal activities has been tremendous. The effect has been the emergence of web-based technologies, internet broadband services, smartphones, and mobile devices used in contrastive facets of human lives to aid in achieving better results and the expense of limited resources. The use of social networking sites for education nurture has been on the rise begging for the need to have an understanding of its effectiveness in ensuring academic performance (West, April 24, 2012, 1). Relevant literature has mainly been aimed at investigating the use of social networks by college students and its impacts on their performance. lit accessed on the use of social networking sites for educational instruction depicts the effectiveness in improving academic performance forming the basis for this study in understanding its effectiveness at LSBF (Adeoye, 2014, Laire et al., 2012, Lerner et al., 2011). The research will provide a platform for the improvement of social networking sites at LSBF and the benefits derived by the students when social networking sites are used for education instruction (Benson, & Morgan, 2014).The research will make use of varied sources including books

The interface to a mobile (wireless) webcamera Essay

The user interface to a prompt (wireless) web snapic photographic camera - Essay ExampleIn addition, a camera or a TV receiver hind end be added to the mobile confabulation rod to display a woful picture. A mobile dialogue terminal equipped with the camera can display the moving picture and a still picture by winning a photograph of an object, and can also transmit a photographed image to other mobile communication terminals. in this way we can able to display the moving picture if any camera or a TV receiver can be added to the mobile communication terminal which have some high speed data and communication and voice communication will also be attended by using a mobile communication terminal.However, when taking a photograph by using the camera of the mobile communication terminal, a user essential manually push a button on the camera body to activate a camera shutter. Therefore, if a user wants to take a photograph of himself/herself by using the camera of the mobile com munication terminal, the user will have to stretch and extend his/her turn over that is gripping the mobile communication terminal to a proper camera range and push the camera shutter activation button. Accordingly, although the user can take a photograph of his or her face or other body part, it is impossible to photograph the users entire body when the user takes a photograph of him/her using the camera of the mobile communication terminal. by using the camera of the mobile communication terminal, the user will have to stretch and extend his/her hand that is gripping the mobile communication terminal to a proper camera range and push the camera shutter activation button.3. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION - Accordingly, the present invention has been made to solve the above-mentioned problems occurring in the prior art, and an object of the present invention is to provide a mobile communication terminal assailable of taking a photograph by using a remote-controlled camera equipped in th at

Choosing a Small Business Computer Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Choosing a Small Business computing machine - Assignment Ex respectable single of the first considerations is compatibility. The small office PC take to able to glide path and run the bulk of the programs on tap(predicate). This willing mandate that the computer will be able to run programs that atomic number 18 written for Microsoft Windows. While moving to specialized platforms such as Linux or UNIX may provide greater security, the widespread application of Windows will necessitate a greater benefit.Having decided on a Windows direct system, the next consideration is hardware. With a touchable estate business, there will be applications that will ask multiple images of houses that will consume a large amount of disk space. Most desktop computers are available with a 320 Gbyte hard drive for less that $1000. They also have 2GB main memory and ample video memory to reproduce photo quality images without loss of speed. For a Dell computer position 1501 Inspiron with a 2.2 GHz Intel processor the price will be about $900 (Inspiron 1501 details, 2007). Hewlett Packard makes a similar computer, HP Compaq 5750, with sparingly less storage (250 GByte) and an AMD processor for $920 (HP United States, 2007). However, the Dell comes with a 20-inch flat screen oversee that is an extra cost with the HP. All other things, such as brand and warranty, are equal and the choice would be the Dell.With a real estate business, there will be situations where you may need to go to a clients home or office. These scenarios will require you to take your computer with you which will necessitate utilise a laptop. A Dell laptop Insperon 1720 has all the features of the desktop (with a slightly reduced processor speed of 1.56 GHz) and sells for $1049 (Inspiron 1702/1721 Notebook, 2007). This has a WI FI card for wireless connection to the Internet. HP sells a similar laptop that has slightly less storage and a smaller screen for $949(HP Pavilion tx1000z series, 2007). B oth have a long dish contract available. The additional storage and the larger screen makes the Dell the better buy.With a real estate business there will be a swarm of printing and document processing. One of the key concerns will be laser or signjet For the real estate office it would be recommended to have a multi-function printer that prints, copies, and faxes. This will be a laser device that is black and white. The office will also need to do photo quality printing of homes and rooms that is best d iodine by an inkjet printer. The real estate office will have to have 2 separate printers. However, with the wide choices available today, the cost is minimal in comparison to the features received. Do not purchase an all in one inkjet because the cost of printing the day to day documents would be unreasonable. Laser printers print and scan documents for about 2 cents a copy compared to 10 cents a copy for inkjet.The main consideration for a laser printer is features and cost. A few major companies manufacture most laser printers so quality is generally the said(prenominal) no matter who has put their name on it. Obviously we would expect better customer service from Hewlett Packard than we would from Podunk Printers, but the printer may in fact be the same hardware. Dont spend a lot of money on a laser printer. The HP 6310 will service all your office needs at only $132.00. For the office you will also need a high resolution colourize printer for photo quality work. These printers are inexpensive, but must be dedicated to printing photos. The ink cartridges are

Impacts of a borderless society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Impacts of a borderless society - Essay employmentBoth of my meals were made at home from segments bought at the local grocery store. Except for the ground yell and the lettuce, solely the other ingredients were prepared somewhere else and assembled by me to make the meal. The following chart shows each ingredient and the place it was manufactured.None of these ingredients were manufactured out(p)side the United States, so in one sense the nutrient is localit was manufactured in this country. But in that respect is no easy way to find out where the wheat, corn, and other ingredients in the final product were produced. The list of ingredients on the Alfredo sauce jar is quite long, for instance, and all those things had to be shipped from somewhere so the manufacturer could assemble the product. In fact, the cheese was probably manufactured somewhere outside the Kentucky plant and shipped there, so its ingredients origins are unknown but probably shipped. DeWeerdt (2009) notes there is a distinction between shipping by truck or by rail, for instance, so it is possible that even if the ingredients started out 1,500 miles away from the manufacturer, if they were shipped by rail the impact would be less than if they were shipped by truck. firearm I was researching the global market for this essay, a National Geographic article ( landmark Jr., 2009) offered some very tattle statistics as a framework for understanding how the food I eat fits into the larger global picture. In 2007, for instance, the globe had 61 days worth of food stockpiled (para. 2). This is not only food for humans the animals we get up to eat also consume grain, and our cars even consume grain by using ethanol (para. 16 DeWeerdt, 2009, para. 17). If all agricultural production stopped, in two months the entire world would be out of food. Bourne also notes that the poorest billion people on the planetspend 50 to 70

What specific action(s) should Christians take regarding the Essay - 1

What specific action(s) should Christians take regarding the environment and its saving or restoration - Essay ExampleAnd God said, let us make humankind in our image, after our likeness and let them have dominion everyplace the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the hide out (King James Version Genesis 626) bingle of the priorities that Christians should have within the framework of the carriage in which they conduct their lives is to be slap-up stewards of the Earth. As good stewards of the Earth it is the responsibility of Christians to make sure that their associations and personal responsibilities are toward an effort to support the creation of the Earth in the manner that God intended. Through looking at the creation story in Genesis, peerless can clearly see that human variety was condition dominion over the Earth. This is further back up in Psalms. However, the concept of dominion often is misunderstood as having the use of the Earth, rather than being held liable for the way in which the Earth is cared for as a living world. The concept of free will is sometimes considered more the manifestation of Gods will rather than taking responsibility for what has happened to come to irritating outcomes where the Earth is concerned. In looking at the way in which the dominion over the Earth has been considered, the way in which Christians engage their world should be revised with the attitude that in giving human kind this responsibility, a great trust was handed to human kind. This trust should not be violated by those who believe in Him.When God created the Earth and all of the creations within the realm that is the Earth, the Bible states that man was given dominion over all of His creation. Brown (2011) quotes a portion of Psalms to support the assertion that man was given this power. It states in the Bible that You have made him to have dominion over the works of You r manpower You have put all things under his feet (New King James

INGOs FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL ORGANISATION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

INGOs FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL ORGANISATION - rise ExampleThere argon four basic subject areas where Food and agriculture organization practices its knowledge. The expertise of module such as fisheries, foresters, agronomists, nutritionists, and statisticians, social scientists, and livestock specialists is used to collect, examine and distribute the help for development. Second area of FAO practices is to share the expertise of polity. It gives its member countries an arena to deduce policies for agriculture, bolstering planning and also coming up with economical legislation and making the global strategies to accomplish rural development and also hunger elimination in the world.The third aspect of FAO practices is to provide a platform for nations to meet. On a certain day, various policy makers and experts all around the world summon together at the headquarters to come up with agreements on agriculture and food issues. Food and Agriculture Organization provides a platform where both affluent and hapless countries abide by widespread comprehension. The power of knowledge is implemented at FAO as there are thousands of field projects carried out all over the globe. It assembles and comes up with money which is given by developed nations, banks and another(prenominal) sources to ensure that projects accomplish their objectives. FAO also provides the nominal know-how and in many instances, an incomplete source of knowledge is provided. In times of turmoil, FAO works in collaboration with World Food Program and also with other benevolent agencies to safeguard the livelihoods of rural areas and assist people in rebuilding their lives.2Food and Agricultural Organization gives a huge range of the expert bodies and intergovernmental organizations which are both regional and global an area which deals with several agriculture, forestry, food, and fisheries industries. FAO plans and comes up with specialist meetings on huge development issues

BHS 427 Health Care Finance (Module 2CBT) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

BHS 427 Health Care Finance (Module 2CBT) - Essay Exampleb. The second alternative is for R square to try to reduce the variable cost per s jakes by improving operational efficiency or replacing experienced staff with relatively inexperienced employees (but ensuring the same quality of work). If variable cost can be reduced to $1,100, the breakeven volume will be 113 and tar frustrate profit of $10,000 will be doable (refer to hobby calculations).... Since R Squared must charge $200 less than the community price of $2,100 to get the contract, the second alternative may be pursued.5. Approximately how many patients will have to be scanned for widely distributed Hospital to make a profit of $20,000 per monthLet,V=Variable cost per scan=$1,200F =Fixed cost=$90,000NI =Targeted net income=$20,000Pi =Internally set price paid by charge payers=$1,200Pe = Externally set fixed price=$1,500CO = relation of cost payers=30%CH = Proportion of charge payers=45%FP = Proportion of fixed-price pay ers=25%The required patient volume is calculated using the following formulaVolume = (1 - CO) F + NI / (CH x Pi) + (FP x Pe) - (1 - CO) VVolume = (1 - 0.3) x 90,000 + 20,000 / (0.45 x 1,200) + (0.25 x 1,500) - (1 - 0.3) x 1,200Volume = 63,000 + 20,000 / 540 + 375 - 840Volume = 83,000 / 75Volume = 1,106 patientsHence, out of total 1,318 patients (482 in-patient and 836 out-patient) per month, 1,106 patients will have to be scanned for widely distributed Hospital to make a profit of $20,000 per

Personal Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Personal proletariat - Essay ExampleInitiation of a new venture has various advantages as well as disadvantages. For example, with the introduction of a new venture, an individual can make more capital and have assure freedom (Hultman and Shaw, 2003). On the contrary, initiating a new venture involves huge financial risks and along with that one read to lease extra burden of work so as to get success. Yet, individuals explore this avenue so as earn money, respect and at the same time carry out some companionable works (Carson, Cromie, McGowan and Hill, 1995).In our case, the business chosen was eating place business. The company was named as E-Food Restaurant and positioned to capitalize on the opportunities arises due to the changing consumer needs. The USP (unique selling proposition) of our restaurant is customer tailored and fresh meals. In addition, the location of our restaurant coupled with large seating capacity acts as a competitive advantage to the firm. The products of our restaurant are mostly inspired from the British culture and wildlife (Hultman, 1999). The launching of our first restaurant business is a start out of our long term plan and to drive change in the industry. However, the process was not easy becoming and we had to pass through various complexities before reaching this stage. In this report, I on behalf of our company would manage to reflect upon the steps that we went through in establishing and running the company through the ambition & the decisions that were made during the competition and their outcome. In addition, this self reflection report also proposes to shed light on the overall bring and knowledge that we have gained from the module. Lastly, a conclusive statement will be drawn regarding our overall experience and the things we have learned over the years.Our business also took the steps as other businesses usually take before venturing into a business. Likewise, any other business, our

Claim for Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress on Ms Thatcher Assignment

Claim for Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress on Ms Thatcher by Blair, Peel & Pitt - Assignment ExampleBlair, Peel and Pitt treated Ms Thatcher unfairly and in a retaliatory manner because thither is no narrate that she was not performing well at the baron. Her demotion was caused by her refusal to engage in sexual activity with Mr Blair. His insistence on seducing her and sexually harassing her at work didnt pay so he decided to retaliate through unfair demotion. When he is telling Ms Thatcher to loosen up if she wanted to succeed in the firm, he is implying that the solitary(prenominal) way for Thatcher to thrive here is to give sex in return for promotions and salary increment. As a matter of fact, if there is any(prenominal) reason why Ms. Thatcher wasnt giving out her best at work is because she was never relaxed there. That is if and only if she was not performing well but the defendant has not given us enough evidence to suggest that this was the case. There is no way she could be relaxed when she was being harassed by her own boss. The office setting was very intimidating as she had no space to work with the boss watching smut and touching her at his own pleasure.Ms Wendy Thatcher wants to bring a lawsuit against her employer for sexual harassment and lettered infliction of emotional distress. She has been working for Blair, Peel and Pitt law firm for two years and had been reassigned to work for Mr Blair on class litigation. Tory Industries, Inc. is one of the major clients of this firm so being assigned to them was a very lucrative opportunity for Ms Thatcher. Mr Blair is the main litigation partner of Blair, Peel and Pitt so this is obviously a great job for her and an opportunity for her to improve her career. As a young associate, her duties compound repeated trips to the premises of Tory Industries which is rigid in another city she was responsible for document review and depositions.The firm offered Mr Blair to be accompanying her when the trips involved deposition because as a senior attorney he could take the deposition. The firm reserved different hotel rooms for each of them and a common work suite.

Characters' Multiple Narrative Subjectivities on Conflicting Views of Essay

Characters Multiple Narrative Subjectivities on Conflicting Views of Postmodernism - audition ExampleIn The Yellow Wallpaper, John who happens to be the womans physician maintain curb her in solitary confinement, telling their friends and relatives that she is suffering from temporary nervous depression. Since he is of high standing, in that respect was no way of her proving the truth since her brother also a physician of high reputation gives support to her husband Johns claim (Gilman 30). She is given medication in the form of phosphates and any journeys, exercise or tonics are forbidden to her. To work is also forbidden until she becomes well again. This includes her writing habit. John is a mulish man who believes in only things felt and seen with which figures would best describe. He has intense dislike of superstition with no patience in belief or faith. This brings show up the constant battle of superiority between staminate and female in society. The theme of unwilling imprisonment is brought out here (Gilman 34). John had secured a compound mansion that had been unattended to for some time. It is well situated, off road with a great green garden. She thinks there might be problems related to the ownership of the house due to its unkempt nature. He lets her do postcode but relief, which she complains to miserably to no avail. His answer is that the trip to the mansion was solely for her sake so that she could correspondence well. The quote - Your exercise depends on your strength, my dear. and your food somewhat on your appetite but communication channel you can absorb all the time. (Gilman 58) best exemplifies her husbands attitude towards her opinions by treating her like a helpless victim. Her confinement leads her to cosmos attached to the wallpaper that covered the walls. It has great patches all over and a fade look of unclean yellow faded by the intense sunlight that hits it on a daily basis. It is quite unique unlike anything she has ever seen with the quote - It is dull enough to confuse the centre in following, pronounced enough to constantly irritate and provoke study, and when you follow the lame uncertain curves for a little distance they suddenly commit suicide--plunge off at outrageous angles, destroy themselves in inaudible of contradictions (Gilman 79) bringing out the image portrayed by the wallpaper. This goes against rational portrayal of wallpaper as being something beautiful and feminine with the scotching sun portraying the masculine oppression of the feminine gender (Gilman 80). She puts this done in writing only for her husband to appear, therefore cutting short her writing. The confinement troubles her but her husband sees no problem with this as exemplified by the quote - John does not know how much I really suffer. He knows there is no REASON to suffer, and that satisfies him. (Gilman 114) showing the different viewpoints which they both have of the situation. She wants to be out of bed, h elping her husband as a wife should be doing but John would hear no(prenominal) of it. The quote -I meant to be such a help to John, such a real rest and comfort, and here I am a comparative burden already shows her willingness to going on with a normal life. Her confinement brings out her hatred of the room with its wallpaper with the quote -You know the place is doing you unattackable .and really, dear, I dont care to renovate the house just for a three months rental,

World Civilization I Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

World Civilization I - Essay ExampleThe Nubians and Egyptians had specialised interests in their interaction, something that was to be of great benefit to their political spheres. Despite the pharaonic state aimed at adrift(p) them from the culture of the Niles, Egyptians still held close relations with the Nubians who were powerful, making them feel threatened also being that their interests were in the gold, precious stones, ivory and ebony that were only available in the southern parts of the Nubian kingdom (Timothy 2010). Nubian every bit with the strong interests in Egypt wanted to protect their interests by taking charge of river Nile trade wise and in need of assurance in protection of their independence from Egypt to the north.There also was the Nile River that was a ordinary theme of water for their agricultural activities watering livestock and crops. Due to their broad flood plains and ability to support large populations, Nubians moved to Egyptian lands for agricultu re, something that brought them even closer.In a nut shell, Egypt and Nubian had a lot in common and their interaction in trade and agriculture contributed a lot to their political life. Their interests in each otherwises goods and services are what could never have separated them. Egyptians were blessed in terms of productivity and land which brought Nubians close to them also the need to protect their independence with Egyptians having interest in the gold Nubians had, ivory, ebony and precious stones. This unity was beneficial as it positively impacted on both their political and frugal

Critical Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Critical Review - Essay object lessonData was collected via interviews and questionnaires. The seek concluded that the speaking opinions were designed to minimize the psychological stress upon the students, lighten their as well as the teachers clipping, and obviate the need for teacher to interview the students. The teachers involved in the enquiry were found least concerned with their assessments reliability and validity. This essenti solelyy minimized the teachers confidence in their own assessments. The schoolroom specific barriers included large size of the classes, excessive work, and lack of sufficient training of the teachers. Korean junior-grade school teachers require assistance of administration in order to realize new and improved slipway of speaking assessment. Critical analysis This article has the potential to influence the Korean academia in a number of ways. Realization of a problem is the first and the foremost step for its resolution. This article particula rly addresses this. English speaking ability of the Korean students depends fundamentally upon the skills and competence of the teacher as well as the methods assiduous by them to assess the speech of students. This research has clicked the basic steps in the way of saving improvement in the speaking assessment ability of the teachers. Appargonntly, no negative aspect of the article grass be depicted since the research article makes a signifi potentiometert contribution to the existing body of acquaintance regarding the factors evaluated by the teachers in their assessments of students speaking ability. The fundamental goal of assessment is to improve the pedagogical approach select by the teacher and assist the students in controlling their learning. This can not be achieved without authentic assessment which is linked with the programs instructional objectives. Development and administration of a speaking assessment can be very challenging specially when the teachers powers are limited by a lot of constraints. One thing of particular interest discovered as a result of this research was that most of the problems with the speaking assessment pertained to the system employed in the educational setup. A vast bulk of the teachers knew that the quality of the methods employed by them to assess the students English speaking ability was compromising, yet there was teeny that they could do about it. The problem was found to originate not in the teachers slackness, but in motley constraints most of which were beyond the control of teachers. In a conventional educational system, time is limited. Teachers have to cover a lot of course in a very limited time. In that time, the teacher does not only have to achieve his/her target with respect to curriculum, but also counsel the students individually and collectively, comprehend the psyche of each student so as to work out the method that best plant for him/her, and take exams. Ironically, most teachers give eas y assignments because they find it easy to check them. It is interesting to find that assignments, that are abhorred by students are actually much more of a burden for the teachers who have to find time to check them. Another factor that is very interesting is the fact that the teachers themselves do not at all feel

Whartons The Age Of Innocence And Hurstons Their Eyes Were Watching Essay

Whartons The Age Of artlessness And Hurstons Their Eyes Were Watching God. The Idea Of Society - Essay ExampleThis is to say that society is make up of people and so any theme that allotes the needs of people addresses the needs of society. Consequently, when authors use their works to address specific and identifiable issues in society, what they are actually saying is that society is giving a communicate to the people who live in it. This is in this direction that society could be t fall tabued as being utilise as a character in a given novel or work of literature. In Whartons The Age of Innocence and Hustons Their Eyes Were Watching God, we read of how the authors bring out specific aspects and issues of the America society at the time at which the stories were set. Based on the issues that the authors about the American society, it can be said that society was used as a character to speak out on matters that affects it negatively and how it wants these issues addressed by ot her characters around it. How each book conceive of the mentation of society In both books, the authors conceive the idea of society as a make up of unalike people, each of whom is aspiring to have their own versions of satisfaction by pursuing what their hearts hope most. In doing this, light is shed on the fact that even though each person may come into this world as an individual, the collective interactions that exist between each of each forms the concept of society. all(prenominal) book thus conceives society as a make up different people with different ambitions that bring about variety and diversity. In essence, society is seen as a variety of individual beings, having a social interaction together. In Their eyes were watching God for instance, we read of how Janie and Jody, each having different ambitions for life. Whereas Janie was flavour for her independence to be herself as a threatening female, Jody was seeking ways of exhibit occasion and fame (Hurston, p. 16 and p. 43). The author of The Age of Innocence adds a new dimension to society as a very(prenominal) powerful tool for determining the way that people ought to act. For instance even though Newland had fallen in love with Ellen and had planned on living his wife for her, the mere fact that he heard that his wife was pregnant made him resend his decision. What this means is that societal structures and systems such as the family system has so much power on the actions and deeds of the people within the society. It is not for nothing that even though it was said that He had known the love that is fed on caresses and feeds them but this passion that was closer than his bones was not to be superficially satisfied (Wharton, p. 157), Newland could still not go ahead to take what he wanted because of the societal system. Who are included or excluded from each authors society Hurston presents an American society that is made up of a White population, dominating a Black population. It was also made up of a Male population, dominating a Female population. To this end, Janie, who happened to be both a female and a Black was supposed to experience a major exclusion from the authors society. But interestingly, Janie could single handedly difference of opinion for a place in the society of the author even to the end of the book. This is because she defiled the gossips that were going on around her to ensure that she attained what she wanted in life, which was the independence of her identity. So at the concluding representative of the story, it was stated that It was not death she feared. It was misunderstanding (Hurston, p. 188). This means that the major fight that Janie was involved in was a fight to give her a place in the s

Technology Evaluation and Recommendation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Technology Evaluation and Recommendation - Essay ExampleThreats on their dispel can take up multiple flavors ranging from sabotage, deliberate espionage, leakage, or information extortion. As is evident with the manliness of information technology as the contemporary means of capturing and storing information, it is important that access control systems should exist to treasure information and information technology systems.Access control is one of the most sensitive aspects when it comes to calculating machine and computer systems security. Access control refers to any mechanism that controls or provides a form of verification to guarantee informations fosterion from inappropriate access or unauthorized use. Collectively, access control methods serve 2 purposes controlling modification, and controlling the disclosure of information from threats. In computer security, a threat is any operator that may breach the confidentiality or interfere with the integrity of information or information systems. Threats on their disassemble can take up multiple flavors ranging from sabotage, deliberate espionage, leakage, or information extortion. As is evident with the manfulness of information technology as the contemporary means of capturing and storing information, it is important that access control systems should exist to protect information and information technology systems.Social engineering occurs when a user is manipulated to trick a someone into weakening a component of the system itself. One of the biggest dilemmas with social engineering is the fact that a political hack can obtain critical information via strength relationships. This can be chaotic and cause some(prenominal) in adverse issues. some other method that plagues the dilemma of social engineering is pretexting. Pretexting occurs when a hacker calls an IT personnel for instance and give scenarios that will allow a hacker to have a perception for hacking.Another risk that seems to be preva lent in user domain accounts that correlated with human mistakes is the fact that it

Final Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Final Project - Assignment Examplethat has to be carried come in in detail, and the effectiveness of the intervention method weighed using relevant data collection methods to ensure its effectiveness. near companies with the right approach to QI have been able to claim a competitive edge in the market and achieve major benefits raging from reducing cost, to increasing the flavor of goods, adding value of the entire carry out in goods or service manufacturing. Therefore, QI is a value proposition approach aimed at strong customers and facilitating effective business operations.In any organization, continual improvement in systems and touch to ensure character has to be made part of the organizational culture. Continual improvement requires management to de edgeine the problem in an organization, seek ways to elaborate the problem, plan implementation of the plan, and then ensure system checks to uphold quality in systems and processes. This leads to the principles of quality i mprovement. Quality improvement story may be described as positive plans and procedures taken by a company with an aim of ameliorate quality in goods production or services, to offer more value proposition to customers, while at the same time reducing costs to the company. An example of this is the Just in time (JIT) system, which is a Japanese quality improvement process that reduces caudex costs, resulting in reduced operating costs to the company, increased efficiency, and more value to customers. The quality improvement process as defined by Omachonu & Ross (2004) involves seven systematic steps that have to be taken to solve a specific problem. These are identifying a problem, planning how to solve the problem and putting long term measure to ensure the problem does not reoccur in the process again. Quality improvement story involves the expenditure of the quality improvement wheel that requires checking, doing, planning, and acting as a continuous process aimed at improvin g systems and ensuring quality (Dessler & Farrow,

Explain Anselm’s Ontological Argument Essay Example for Free

relieve Anselms Ontological Argument EssayExplain Anselms ontological crease.The ontological argument was bewilder forth at first as a prayer by the eleventh century monk and philosopher Anselm of Canterbury. In his Proslogion, which means discourse, he presented this argument as a prayer for believers to substantiate their belief in divinity fudge. Anselm uses a priori (which means before experience) reasoning, which conveys that it does non rely or account on experience and so an argument of this enlighten is more plausible and likely to intrigue and attract philosophers, by not supposeing on experience or acquaintances it cig bette be understood and derived purely from logic. Furthermore its truth doesnt depend on anything apart from logic and spate be deduced purely from the signifi seatce of the raillerys used in the argument. The ontological argument uses deductive reasoning, which means its conclusion is contained within the premises presented, and if atomic number 53 accepts these premises to be true thusly one must accept that the conclusion is also correct an argument of this sort would be 1. Men are all mortal.2. Ren Descartes was a man.3. Consequently Ren Descartes is mortal.From this example if we accept the premises (12) then logically we must accept the conclusion (3) so in some form this argument presents a guarantee of the truth of the conclusion. Anselms argument said beau ideal is that than which nothing greater can be conceived, by greater he means perfect and by conceived he means to think of, so we can put in other(a) words God is that than which nothing more perfect can be thought of. When Anselm first wrote this in the Proslogion, his intentions for this were not for it to be used as an argument to fix Gods existence but just a mere prayer for believers, but cod to his reliance solely on reason and logic it has become popular and has overcome the test of quantify as it is still relevant today and is being studied. The argument can take this form1. God is that than which nothing more perfect can be thought of. 2. Even a frig around can understand this explanation. (By fool Anselm most likely meant someone who does not believe in god, and so he said this to show thatthis argument is nothing of a complex sort but of a honest nature which can be comprehended by anyone, even a fool as Anselm said.) 3. This fool says that god ceases to exist in candor, merely as an idea. 4. It is greater to exist both in the taste and in reality, than essentially just in the understanding.5. The superior possible being, for it to be the greatest must very exist in both modes reality and understanding.6. Hence god does exist both in reality and in the understanding and then we can also conclude that the fool in reality is actually a fool. (The fool is denying the existence of the greatest possible being, this being must exist for it to be the greatest possible being, and if he wasnt the greatest possible be ing then surely we could conceive of something greater.) Anselm starts the argument with a description, and uses this definition to prove god into existence, however this argument relies on a particular definition and analysis of a particular one. There are two fundamental and paramount facets to this argument one is the understanding of the definition, this is an integral part of the argument, because the argument arises from this start point, and also that it is greater to exist both in reality and in understanding.Anselm understood god in an analytical sense, analytic sense is where the whole meaning of a word or statement is transferred through the words only, like for example, Tom has a brother, you wouldnt say he has a brother who is a manly because the fact that he is a male is already conveyed through the meaning of the word brother. And so likewise, Anselm understood god in the same way, so it isnt undeniable to say god, you know exists the aspect of existence is already given away from the word god, and so in a way could be perceived as inseparable from god.This argument mentioned up to now was found in Proslogion 2, which tried to prove gods existence. A contemporary of his, Gaunilo of Marmoutier who was a monk and also a theist, replied to Anselms Proslogion, with a work titled On Behalf of the Fool, he was sincerely yours also a Christian and had a firm belief in god, but he rejected the jump from the definition that god is the greatest being to the conclusion that he must exist. Gaunilo claimed that through Anselms reasoning we can potentially prove anything one wishes intoexistence by proposing its the greatest thing or maximally perfect in its calibre.He used the example of an Island, that if we were to say that there existed an island which was the most excellent and feature an inestimable wealth, we can easily understand this even a fool can comprehend this. And therefore it is the most excellent, and it is more excellent to exist both in reality and in understanding except this island must exist. He argued even a fool is right to be sceptical about Anselms argument, as evidence is required for a matter as great as god. Furthermore he went on to claim that Anselms argument is a reducto ad absurdum, this is Latin for reduced to absurdity.As Anselm was sensible of this criticism during his lifetime, he wrote a Reply to Gaunilo, in this he defends his argument and draws up another aspect. He says God cannot be conceived not to exist That which can be conceived not to exist is not god. This introduces another matter Anselm asks whether a god is greater who can be thought of as not existing or a god which cannot be thought of not existing. Furthermore he claims that it is a contradiction for a god who can be thought of not existing if he truly is the greatest possible.Anselm created a dichotomy between the concepts of things necessary and contingent existences. Anselm himself didnt use these aforementioned ground hi mself but were later applied by philosophers but Anselm did split the two as he exposit the island as physical and therefore he could easily propose that it could cease to exist due to other physical causes like for example the sea levels rising could eradicate the island completely. However he said that it is unsufferable to imagine the greatest being not existing or ceasing to exist, and then surely it would not be the greatest being.Necessary existences do not depend on any other thing for it to exist, as it is the greatest thing so it is not predisposed to anything else. On the other hand, contingent existences do depend on other things and also there was a time when they didnt exist, like for example humans, who are a perfect example of a contingent being. However Anselm argued that god was a necessary being, and it cannot be thought of as not existing, it has always exists and always will. It is rather hard to conceive of another necessary being or existenceapart from this.A nselm put forward this proposition in Proslogion 3, that god has a necessary existence, and this is the type of god that he is, in this way Anselm shows that Gaunilo was a fool as he didnt understand the type of god that Anselm discussed.

First Steps Film Assignment Essay Example for Free

First Steps Film Assignment EssayThe following(a) assignment is based on the film Becoming Human Episode 1 First Steps. You whitethorn access the film in the following ways 1. It is avail fit for free on the PBS website at the following address http//video.pbs.org/video/1312522241/2. It is available instantly through Netflix (where you may temporarily set up a free account for a few weeks if you are non a member).Please lend oneself complete sentences to answer the following questions and type your answers on this form. You should lay out this assignment to the First Steps dropbox victimisation the Assignments tab by Sun 4/1 at 1159 P.M. Please submit this file as a .doc, .docx, .rtf, or .pdf file. Please do not use the .pages extension because PCs laughingstocknot go around it.1. Where is the Afar located?Afar is one of the nine Regional States of Ethiopia and is located in north east Africa. It is a part of the great rift valley (deep cut in earth where geological for ces are ripping Africa apart).2. How did researchers figure out how old the Selam fogey was?Clues to the age of the fossil came from key features in the landscape such as the white bands of volcanic ash that dated 3.4 million years ago. If the white bands of volcanic ash are 3.4 million years old then the fossil must be younger because it was institute above it. Therefore, the fossil was rough 3.3 million years old.3. How did researchers figure out how old the fossil child Selam was when she died? How old was she?Researchers looked at Selams teeth in influence to find out how old she was when she died. They did not look at the baby teeth that were visible in her jaw they looked her adult teeth that were evolution inside the bone. From that observation researchers know Selam died when she was three years old.4. What are the human-like components of the Lucy skeleton? What are the ape-like components?Lucky had two human-like and ape-like components. From the waist down lucy wa s like man and from the waist up she was like apes. She walked upright like humans and her pelvis bone resembled those of a human. Lucys greater trochanter was short and human-like. Her skeleton showed evidence of small skull capacity equivalent to apes. 5. What was the ancient environment of the australopithecines like? How does it change by 3-4 million years ago?Researchers have found that Seguda Valley went through a huge transformation. It was once covered entirely of water, up to an elevation of approximately 580 meters. The valley was filled with a great lake that was steeper than any of the great lakes. The entire African untainted used to be a lot wetter than it is present day. Long ago, before even Selam and Lucys creative activity Africa was a wet tropical environment covered with rainfall forest. Eventually Africa began to dry out out and the rain forests shrank. During Selams existence, 3-4 million years ago, Africa was a mosaic of incompatible environments. Resea rchers know that from the fossils that live there, they tell a novel of a vanished landscape. Fossils of creatures like a pig and hippopotamus. Today it is a vast expanse of volcanic careen and burning desert.6. What are some of the different hypotheses presented in the film for why bipedalism emerged?One theory is that the mammals stood up to be able to see over tall grass. Second theory is that they stood up to be able to pick fruit off low branches of trees. (The way chimpanzees do today.) Third theory is that they stood up to placid to a greater extent efficiently. Not as much sun beating on the body. * Most compelling dead reckoning is that it saved us energy.7. What is the molecular clock and how is it used to determine when two species last shared out a putting green ancestor?It is a simple idea that the rate of change in DNA sequences is more or less constant over time a way of determining if and when two species shared a common ancestor. By counting the differences in the genetic code between chimps and humans researchers can calculate how long they have been evolving away from each-other. (5-7 years ago humans and apes shared a common ancestor.)8. What is the clue that the Toumai fossil (Sahelanthropus tchadensis) is bipedal?The vital clue that the Toumai fossil is bipedal is how the skull connects to the spine. Researcher Michele could confer that by the shape of Toumais skull. If the skull is placed on a neck of an ape that walks on all fours its eyes superman down ward (not correct). If the skull is placed on an upright spine of a biped its eyes office straight ahead for Michele this proved that Toumai walked upright.9. How are the first stone tools identifiable as tools? Who is currently belief to be the first stone tool maker?The first stone tools were broken in a very particular way there is a method behind how the rocks were broken in order to make it into a tool. Homo habilis (1.6-2.5 million years ago) are thought to be the first stone tool makers.10. What is Rick Potts idea about the role of climate in hominid adaptation? How is it different from traditional ideas?Rick Potts observations let him to the new idea, rapid change as a catalyst for our evolution.11. What was firing on with the African climate when Homo habilis evolved?Africa had numerous climate changed from wet to dry, wet to dry, wet to dry all within approximately a thousand years.

Late Imperial Russia Essay Example for Free

Late Imperial Russia EssayHow was Russia set up to be the estate it is today? Introduction Imperial Russia all started in the 17th century where a man named tzar Ivan IV the terrible battled and defeated the Mongols which were the previous rulers of Russia. He appointed himself the emperor of Russia and his heirs would carry on his principles and his sort of ruling throughout the centurys to build a strong ground.The czars of the Romanov dynasty would carry on ruling till the kick the bucket reign in 1890-1917 which was held by czar Nicholas II son of czar horse equivalencesley Ill, it was his and is fathers reign which changed Russia from having its avouch clay (tsarism) to become a nation with a fair politics Just like the European nations of their time. At first glance the Tsars were thought to be grateful to Russia e. g. ictory over the swedes which transformed Muscovy into a bulky power of Europe and Alexander II the liberator ended serfdom and restored the gov ernment of Russia after losing the Crimean war. However there were many situations, problems in governments and slew that caused Russia to change from having Tsarism to having an official government such as parliament. Tsar Tsarism The system of Tsarism was governed through three organisations Firstly there was the imperial council, which were a group of advisers to the Tsar.Secondly there was the console t fit of Ministers, which ran the government departments of the Tsar. Thirdly there was the Senate, which were the supervisors of the law. All three of these governmental bodies were ranked under the Tsar so every organisation they run, laws they make or suggestions, the final word or decision has to be from the occurrent Tsar ruler, e. g. To quote Reaction and Revolution They were appointed, not elected nd they did not govern.This is because their roles are essentially to give advice because whatever they say has to go through the Tsar. The Tsar which caused nigh problems w ere as I mentioned higher up Nicholas II and Alexander Ill because of what they tried to do to the Russian empire as well as what they didnt try to do, unlike their reforming heirs, they didnt fight for Russia or change for Russia, they wholly did what they did to benefit them, not the rest of Russia.By the time of Nicholass reign Russia stretched a distance of 5000 miles from west to east and 2000 miles from outh to north, this of course do ruling Russia point more unenviable because one family couldnt possibly visit their system on their give un little they had an actual government like otherwise European countries of their time. Even though the sheer size of Russia gave it a well-known goodly image that its a nation of strength, it didnt prove that because parts of the landscape are either unreachable, uninhabitable or just not worth the time to build upon.Considering these details Tsar Nicholas II wasnt indeed that powerful as well as the Tsarism system which soon lead to changing into communist government command by the Bolsheviks in 1917. Overall the system of Tsarism is the system the Tsar family ran to rule the nation of Russia, this involved tho them having overlook and if any governmental bodies have any ideas to change/improve Russia they could only advise it as only the Tsars nad control.How did the geography of Russia compare to other nations in Europe and effect the Tsar As IVe mentioned above, Russia consists a land mass of 16,093,440 Kilometres Squared which makes it 2 and a half times bigger than the USA and a whole lot harder to rule, this is because Russia of this time is being ruled by one family which nly cause poverty, social sequestration and a failed work force, if you compare it to the USA of its time its doing far better than Russia because the USA is a land unlike Russia which is a socialist nation.The differences are that the USA vote and elect, they have antithetical Parties which have different Jobs to run the coun try when Russia is run by one family which tries to do everything and when they do make laws or enforce something, it only rewards them not the nation. The advantage the Tsars had is that the size of Russia do them seem untouchable which explains the lack f countries trespassing(a) or taking over Russia, this is the only way that the geography of Russia regards it positively, IVe mentioned how it affects Russia negatively e. . bad landscape, too a lot to rule over, spatenot handle to control such a large area. Ruling Russia back then was difficult even with the Trans-Siberian Railway, sure it provided a way to cross the 5000 miles from west to east but it still caused discharge to places like Vladivostok and Irkutsk because they arent at all near the capitals such as Moscow and St Petersburg.How did the stack of Russia effect the Tsar and what did they do to respond to the ays of the tsar The people of Russia were so con inflexibleed because of Tsarism it caused many problems , one of the catalysts to the problems was that it was a guilty offence to go against the Tsar or Tsarism, therefore if anyone decided they wanted to reform the tsarism system they had to go through the Tsar themselves and of course if it goes against their wishes theyll say no and arrest the person responsible.There has been Reforming Tsars which amend transport, improved efficiency of the army, re-built cities so they could change Russia for the better, but ventually it was all done for nothing because whenever an heir gained the throne from a reformed Tsar they ever so went back to the strict ways. This did effect the nation greatly but not as practically until the last Tsar ever Nicholas II, he was meant to carry on the rulings his tatner made to uphold build Russia into a stronger nation e. g. mproving standard of living, education, employment etc. but he decided to go back to the old socialist ways that caused poverty, distrust of the nation and weakening the barrier betw een a fair command and compete domination of the people of Russia. People didnt Just stand around been ruled or told off by the tsars, there have been a few moments where theyVe risen up, worked to take hold ofher to deplete the current Tsar leader or went underground to discuss what differences they could make on their own without the consent of the Tsar.For compositors case since free speech was a common myth in the reigns of Tsar, various people most likely in governmental activist groups decided to go to extremism. They thought the only way they could get their word out or make a change is through threats or by force, for example in 1881 Tsar Alexander II was blown up by a bomb thrown from the Peoples Will hich were a terrorist group, they went this far because they didnt want to be plagued by the Tsar or Tsarism anymore.However other people of the nation went down low and created societies or non-activist groups which wouldnt allow the Tsars to see how theyre changing Russ ia in a non-obvious fashion, but eventually after they started to plan a revolution the Tsar caught on and decided to dawn them with their own secret police known as the Okhrama. They were issued to perform raids, arrests, imprisonments and infiltrations to stop the secret societies so the Tsar could carry on running the government.The only thing that was good that the Tsar provided to the people was an Orthodox church in every city (ST. Petersburg Moscow), the people encouraged this because the church was a part of Russian burnish and because it didnt rely on any foreign influence or governmental body. Of course the Church support the tsarist system throughout the centurys right up to the 19th century where it became well opposed to political/governmental change which caused it to so low in growth, unlike the industrial part of Russia.Consider the fact the only 0. 5% of Russia is the Tsar and their advisors, 12% is military and the last 3. 9% is the public, the public consist o f merchants, manufacturing plant workers and owners, land owners and mainly peasants. This causes issues because of course the Tsar allow the chance that people can buy/own/sell land, but it comes with a price, considering most workers soon save up to buy a rear land but then it comes with a mortgage thus causing them to be in debt and just about as poor as the peasants.This effected the economy massively because by these statistics 80% of the population were peasants, and they knew peasants were nescient and have a lack of skills, this portion of the opulation was the catalyst to everything the people did in response to what the Tsar did to Russia. This made the Tsar lower the ranks of the army so they could be filled with conscription (the forcing of large numbers of peasants to junction the armed services), these were often called the Dark Masses.The problems caused by botn Tsarism and the People ot Russia The issues that were caused by the Tsar effect Russia more ofttimes a nd at a higher scale after Alexander the seconds reign, this is because he was the first reforming Tsar for a while and what he did was for the better interest of the nation not himself People tarted noticing his reforms in 1861 when he emancipated the Serfs, he restored Russias governing structure after the loss in the Crimean war and he set up a network of elected councils in the rural areas which were called Zemstvos, even though it seemed with these elected bodies that anyone could vote, that wasnt the case because of strict voting regulations only the land owners not the peasants could take part in the voting. Alexander II has obviously made a difference to his nation because of this evidence, but it still did discharge the problem that there skill be a hance that the next Tsar could ignore his reformative ways and create discipline, poverty and all the other problems again like other Tsars before him. He also feared that since hes doing all of this, hes not committing to hi s Tsar duties, so near the end of his reign he goes back to the old ways which doesnt affect much but leads to his assassination in 188111880.His successor Alexander Ill caused all sorts of problems, problems so bad that everyone in the nation felt oppressed during his whole reign, after he was replaced by Nicholas II things got even worsened because he didnt like the eforming that alexander II did, so he carried on the repressive policies of his predecessor, which made Alexander the seconds reformation worth nothing, this of course angered the intelligent, richer and educated class of Russia known as the intelligentsia. The army of Russia was diminished by Nicholas II because he decided to lower ranks in the military so that even peasants could Join, this made becoming a high ranking officer easier therefore more of a chance to affect the tsarism system that Nicholas II has moulded. This weakened the force or strength of the military reatly, so much that the people created their o wn group called the Militia which basically had their own form of Justice against criminals.If the military was going declivitous so was the Tsar because Just about 50% of their expenditure was funding the army which was only able to produce a million and nalt me, which does sound powerful but most of which were peasants and land owners. People of Russia had less specific reasons of why the army, or their nation is so bad, they thought that the Tsar civil service was fuck up and the evidence to show it was that its the nation hose tried and tried again to reform itself but always goes back and muck ups itself again. Many citizens accused the Tsar of sucking the blood of the people which refers to the fact that they control them, they corrupt them and they use them.Overall many people of Russia either appreciated the reformation to be on par with other nations or hating the reformation, the people which wanted the reformation were known as the Westerners because they wanted Russia to adopt aspects of European nations so they wont live in horrendous conditions e. g. destroyed towns/ cities because of wars. Or have economic problems e. g. iving in poverty. The people who wanted Russia to stay the same were known as Slavophiles they wanted to preserve the best aspects of Russia, yes solve the problems but not via adopting features of other European nations. Conclusion The system of Tsarism is the system the Tsar family ran to rule the nation of Russia, this involved only them having command and if any governmental bodies have any ideas to change/improve Russia they could only advise it as only the Tsars had control.The geography of Russia effects its government greatly because it made them seem stronger when in truth the tsar couldnt possibly control the whole of Russia, also because of the vast landscape they couldnt industrialise as desist as other nations could therefore putting them at a disadvantage as a nation. The people of Russia lived in poverty becau se of the strict rulings of the tsar, that the tsar couldnt control all of them, they were in debt if they paid for land, even if theyre pulverization workers everyone couldnt possibly benefit the whole nation. Because of the constant change of reforming tsars to cruel tsars the people of Russia didnt know what to do and what they can do, which lead to assassinations, societies being created and being invaded by military or police.

Business ethics Essay Example for Free

Business ethics EssayThere is no unexpended definition of knowledge, but for the purpose of this paper knowledge will be defined as the familiarity with a situation or fact. Ethics, on the other hand, is a set of moral principles that govern a persons behavior. Simplifying the knowledge issue would be to state that The familiarity of something (whether a fact or situation) entails compliance with respectable or moral obligations. In disagreement with the previous claim, I believe that the possession of knowledge does examine got an honorable tariff. In a paper written by Steven Pinker, otherwise known as The moralistic Instinct, he suggests that morality has a metaphorical switch. Stated as the moralization switch, Steven Pinker suggests, moralization is a psychological state that advise be turn on and off like a switch, and when it is on, a distinctive mind-set commandeers our thinking. Much like light switches, moralization switches whitethorn be false on and off. When the moralization switch is turned off, the reasoning for doing something (moral or amoral) changes, rather than being a social function of virtue, it becomes a matter of practicality or personal reasons. Different people may guard their moralization switches turned on or off in the same scenario. An example of this is loving thy neighbor. One may express his love for his neighbor because it is in accordance to the Ten Commandments, which he/she truly believes in period another person may also express love toward his neighbor purely because there is something to clear from it.Steven Pinker, in his paper, states that morality is under assault. This could be in line with a conclusion formulated by David Couzens Hoy, a renowned professor of philosophy, based on the works of Emmanuel Levina (a French philosopher) who believed that responsibility precedes any object glass searching after the truth. David Couzens Hoy concluded that there has been an ethical turn. He now defines e thics as obligations that present themselves as necessarily to be fulfilled but are neither laboured on one or are enforceable.Despite the fact that ethical obligations are optional, the superior general population comes to a consensus about moral concepts such as the difference between right and wrong. It was theorized by, anthropologist, Donald E. Brown, in his work Human Universals that things such as the concept of distinction between right and wrong have no exceptions in normal human beings. This, along with the concept of fairness, accounts for the decision of most people to deem a certain ethical standard and responsibility.The defiance of the ethical code of conduct that is comm only when current would either be recognized by the doer as wrong (and would most likely be punished), or would be a result of a psychical disorder (such as psychopathy or moral blindness). This is wherefore a person convicted of murder is given less harsh punishments if known to have a psycho logical disorder, otherwise known as being mentally unfit. The fact that they have mental disorders means that they are exceptions to this rule of thumb. The moral blindness does not allow for a coherent view with the common morality that the rest of the world follows.The reason why the world is in chaos is because masking ethical responsibility is a natural selection. Harvard Psychologist, Marc Hauser, argues that millions of years of natural selection have molded a universal moral grammar within our brains that enables us to make rapid decisions about ethical dilemmas. There is a universal perception of the difference between right and wrong, but the choice to do either right or wrong is situational. It takes something as simple as personal advancement or an impulse to do something culpable.This is why the possession of knowledge carries an ethical responsibility. A cliche goes with knowledge comes power, which is why knowledge requires ethical responsibility. The same kind of knowledge may be used for great good or bad, and the choice of what to do with it lies in the hands of the one that possesses the knowledge. This shows the possible threat that knowledge has. It could be used to disparage humans. The moralization switch could spell the difference between life and death in the hands of the possessor.Jon Stuart donkeyworks Principle of Utilitarianism states the ethical theory that one should maximize the over satisfaction and satisfaction, and aim for the sterling(prenominal) happiness for the greatest number of people. Exemplifying ethical responsibility, according to this principle, would entail using the familiarity with facts or information for the betterment of the majority. It is possible, however, that personal advancement is genuine happiness, and this could instantaneously shroud ones moral mentality.It is only the sense of morality that is universal, not being moral itself. Selfish acts, which are almost always immoral or amoral are me ans by which people could attain happiness for themselves. This could override the choices that one makes, despite the innate ability to tell between moral and immoral. An example of this is insider trading. In the world of finance, one can win big and lose big. Insider trading is a form of immoral acts that go against ethical responsibility by using knowledge for personal advancement, while simultaneously hurting others.The end, which is money, would justify the means (which is unfairly using information for the advancement of oneself and the decline of others). Knowledge on matters may have little effects, and ball-shaped effects. They may severely affect others while greatly benefitting a select few, or cause the happiness of majority of society. The end, or effect, would be a result of ones choice on what to do with the knowledge that he has. It is therefore crucial for people to be moral. The effect of the exploitation of knowledge is illimitable and can work both ways, whic h is why one must be ethically responsible and just.

Management Planning Paper Essay Example for Free

Management Planning Paper EssayThe Boeing Corporation is the do principal(prenominal) of a functions leading aerospace comp all and is the largest occasionr of commercial jetliners as well as military aircrafts. Boeing has teams that manufacture missiles, sa pronounceites, defense systems, and communication systems. NASA turns to Boeing when they need something and Boeing operates the International Space Station. Boeing has a broad range of capabilities and skills, which is probably the priming coat they are the worlds leading aerospace company.With the Boeing headquarters in Chicago, more than 170,000 people in 70 different countries find themselves employed with the corporation and close to of them hold a college degree (Boeing Corporation,2012). It takes many laborious working employees and managers to hasten Boeing a successful corporation. This paper go onward discuss the supply function of management, meditate the influence of legal issues, ethics, and corporate social responsibility and their effects on management planning. I will also analyze factors that influence the companys strategic, tactical, operational, and contingency planning as they relate to the Boeing Corporation.The planning function of management is the process of setting goals within the corporation that are expected to be reachd everyplace a set period. Therefore, Boeing got to be the worlds leading aerospace company by setting much(prenominal) goals. The Boeing Corporation has engineer departments, sales departments, mechanical departments, and product testing departments among a few others. Each mortal department will have set goals put in place by corporate and guidelines regarding how they should achieve the desired goal for each project.Each goal is designed for each department to become the most efficient in their levels. There are hexad steps in management planning. The steps listed in provided course materials are situational analysis, alternative goals and plans, goal and plan evaluation, goal and plan selection, implementation, and monitor and control (Thomas S. Bateman, Scott A. Snell,2009). timbre one gathers and summarizes information that is in question. It examines current conditions with an attempt at forecasting future conditions. Step twain generates alternative goals that may be used as an alternate if the first desired plan does not ork. Step three evaluates the potential of the alternative goals and prioritizes/eliminates ones that might or might not work. Step quaternion in management planning is the selecting of goals believed to be most appropriate and feasible by the managers. Step atomic number 23 implements the goals and plans into action by managers. Goal achievement is likely to be linked to the boldnesss yield system to encourage employees to achieve the goals and implement plans properly (Thomas S. Bateman, Scott A. Snell,2009). Step six is essential in devising sure goals and plans are met.If the goals a nd plans are not monitored and controlled managers would not admit if they were ever met successfully. Boeing the huge corporation that it is has had its clear share of legal issues. The corporation has to pay special attention to detail when it concerns obeying the laws and regulations in regard the manufacturing of aircraft. The planes essential be tested for safety and flying ability before they ever hit the mainstream public. Notices on the aircraft tell passengers when they should be buckled and when it is considered safe to unbuckle. Engineers have to provide manuals for the aircrafts in case any issues may arise when in use.Ethical issues come into play when Boeing makes bids to other corporations like the military or NASA. They are not allowed to censure prices that people believe to be unfair or make any changes after things have already been agreed upon. This means that the sales department has to plan how much they want to sell their product for. The main corporate so cial responsibility that Boeing has is safety. They have to engineer items safe for the public to be on/use. With Boeing beingness the worlds leading Aerospace Corporation, millions of people rely on the use of their products.That means that engineers have to know the latest safety information and managers have to make sure that they put the safety information to use. strategical planning is used by the Boeing Corporation when making new aircraft and other items. They have to figure out how to market their item just right so that buyers will be interested in it. This planning has led Boeing to make planes more efficient and comfortable for passengers to ride on. Tactical planning is organized for competition, such(prenominal) as Airbus and demand for product. Boeing is a competitor of Airbus, which is another aerospace engineering corporation.Boeing has to be aware of competitors new products and when they will be released. This means that they have to formulate and release produc ts either better or more efficient than the competitions. Operational planning identifies the specific procedures and processes required at the lower-levels within an organization (Thomas S. Bateman, Scott A. Snell,2009). So within the Boeing Corporation this would be those who deal with the delivery schedules and human resources departments. Every plane that takes by or leaves an airport has to be scheduled and the arrival/departure times displayed so that the public is aware. benignant resources is responsible for the hiring/firing of Boeings many employees and any issues consumers may have with a product or service. If someone believes that they did not have a good experience in the flight he or she would call the resource department, and the department would most likely do everything in his or her power to make the person feel better. Contingency plans are put in place in case of any challenges that may arise when making their products. A good example of Boeings contingency pla n is in 2008 they were trying to produce 40 aircraft a year but the United States hit an economic crisis.This meant that Boeing had to carving back their number of aircraft being created so they did not feel the effects of the economic crisis. So Boeing did not become the worlds leading aerospace corporation by doing nothing. It took hard work, planning, and management. There are six steps in management planning that corporations follow to try to ensure their survival in a competitive world. Boeing has had its fair share of legal and ethical issues and tries to abide by the rules and regulations for safety set forth by the goverment. Boeing tries to keep a strategic plan when creating new products and a tactical plan on how to market their items.

The novel Lord of the Flies by William Golding Essay Example for Free

The novel Lord of the wing by William Golding EssayThe novel Lord of the Flies by William Golding is a political satire on society. The neverthelesst of the satire is civilization at the time of the minute world war. During this era, a civilized society goes to war and obliterates, maims, and kills. In this novel, Golding depicts destruction, killing, and fear as evil in the heart of man, and uses irony to elaborate on this theme.The novel begins with a plane crashing on an uninhabited island. We ar not told the reason for this, but we green goddess assume the crash was a result of events associated with World fight II. The survivors of the crash argon a group of sons who we know little ab prohibited prior to the crash. The group of boys consequently attempt to create a functional society by using a system of rules and a chief. The story then revolves around the breakdown of the boys society.Piggy and Ralph meet up with each other subsequently escaping from their shot-do wn plane. A large lucre was made by the crashing plane in the untouched jungle, symbolizing the starting line of mans destruction on the island. A war is going on in the outside world, and now for the live of the support, everyone on the island will be isolated from the real world and put into their own world. Throughout the book we are told of the scar, and it is clear to get word that the scar symbolises mans destruction and destructive forcesThe island is ultimately a natural milieu untamed by man that holds the resources for the boys survival parallel to other life on the island. Golding tries to convey the island exchangeable a cage confining the boys and isolating them from the rest of the world. We are told in the story that no boy could reach even the reef over the stretch of water. This shows us that the reef is like a demarcation that cannot be crossed by any inhabitant on the island. A major factor halt the boys getting even close to the reef is between the beach and the reef the snapped sharks waited. This information avails us cut through there is no direction out.Another device Golding uses to emphasise the boys isolation is metaphors the miraculous throbbing stars. The stars help us understand the boys isolation as they are surrounded by mystery and speculation but their reality can never be found because they are so far away and out of reach. We are told the boys response to this situation is that they were gradually made accustomed to these mysteries and ignored them. Even though the mysteries are ignored, this does not mean that they do not exist or does it? Sometimes land loomed where there was no land. This shows us that however tangible some of the mirages may seem, they are not necessarily real.The island is not an open-and-shut character or type of life but it demonstrates human qualities and characteristics through its description. The way Golding brings the island to life is primarily through personification and metaphors The great rock loitered. The wind roared. A thunderous plume leapt half way up the mount. S closeing at last an arm of surf up. This language help us externalize the island as a character more powerful than any life on the island, but it has distinct capabilities and communicates as a force opposed to a physical presence.Near the beginning of Lord of the Flies we can see the island as a paradise The water was warmer than blood and the temperature even though a little hot is generally comfortable. Which shows us how generally the boys were happy on the island. This gives us an affirmative view towards the book the air was bright. Later on the mood changes to a darker more cynical mood, which warns us of trouble to come. The sun transforms from a warm presence to an angry eye. This device Golding uses warns us in chapter nine-spot that tension is rising between Jack and Ralph Revolving masses of gas piled up the static until the air was fixate to explode. Throughout Lord of the Flies Golding uses surrounding conditions to reflect the mood on the island. This device helps the island become unified into the story as a character.The boys in the difficult situation they are presented with have different reactions to their surroundings. Their setoff experiences with the island prove to show a foreign unfriendly environment All round him the long scar smashed into the jungle was a bath of heat. The metaphor bath of heat shows the area around the boys is wet and the destruction may be a message about how humans are in the bone marrow of our planets destruction.This situation because it is so extreme brings out the boys characters immediately and shows their ability to cope with the situation. Ralphs first reactions are episodic as he pays little attention to his surroundings, which may indicate he may not understand what is happening at this stage. He could also feel the island poses little threat to him and is in a gumshoe environment. Piggy, however, seem s to understand how serious his situation is and feels unsafe on the island we can see this from his attempts to start a discourse with Ralph and he makes suggestions to deal with the situation. I suppose well want to know all their names.At the end of Lord of the Flies the island is burning down and Ralph is being hunted down. The fact that the island is burning down could be suggesting the only thing we are going to achieve is the destruction of the planet if we keep on chip and developing weapons of greater power. The boys near the end of the book describe the surrounding events as a plump for. This could be telling us that wars and destruction in modern society are just considered a game but actually they are destroying our lives and people are dying. So when the boys were taken off the island the question arises were they really rescued, or just moved to the real world to aid the destruction of our planet. The irony of the final chapter can be viewed either way about if the boys were really rescued.

Communicable diseases Essay Example for Free

inherited indispositions Essay95Infectious agents and examples of maladysThe organisms that withstand believe ailment vary in size from viruses,which be as well sm wholly to be seen by a light microscope to in probeinal worms which whitethorn be over a metre long. The groupsof infective agents argon listed with examples of diseases they cause.BacteriaPneumonia, tuberculosis, enteral febricity, gonorrhoeaViruses measles, varicella, influenza, colds, rabiesFungiRingworm, tinea pedis (athletes foot)ProtozoaMalaria, giardiaMetazoaTapeworm, filariasis, onchcerciasis (river blindness),hookwormPrionsKuru, Creutzfeld-Jacob disease, Bovine spongi stockencephalopathy (BSE)Modes of transmission direct transmissions Direct progress to with the infect person as in touching,kissing or sexual intercourses Droplet mobilise through and through coughing sneezing, talking orexplosive diarrhoeas Faecal-oral spread when septic fecal matter is transfer rubor tothe m surfaceh of a non i nfected person, commonly by hand. corroborative transmissions Indirect transmission of infectious organisms involvesfomites and vectors which carry disease agents from thesource to the host.Infectious agentsModes of transmissionDefinitions and termsusedSymptoms and signs com gayd managementand manipulationAnthraxCellulitisChickenpox (Varicella)Cholera dengue febricityDiphtheriaEnteric feverishness (enteric feverand para-typhoid fevers)German rubeola( eat intoella)Glandular feverHepatitis (viral)InfluenzaMalariaMeaslesMeningitisMumpsPlaguePoliomyelitis hy contrivehobia florid feverTetanus terabyteTyphus feverWhooping cough(Pertussis)Yellow feverSexu e genuinely(prenominal)y genicdiseases including HIV(AIDS) let down. Other ancestraldiseases such as Lassa Fever do non illume in spite of appearance the competenceof this book. When in doubtnotify the Port Health Officer. he fierceitary diseasesCHAPTER 6Communic up to(p) diseases argon those that atomic number 18 transmissi ble from unmatched person, or brute, to an an otherwise(prenominal)(prenominal). The disease whitethorn be spread directly, via another species (vector) or via the environment. Illness volition a purloin when the infectious agent invades the host, or more or less(a) propagation as a result of toxins produced by bacteria in nourishment.The spread of disease through a population is fixedby environmental and social conditions which favour theinfectious agent, and the relative immunity of thepopulation. An outbreak of transmission could menace theoperation and safety of the enthr completely. An understanding of thedisease and the measures prerequisite for its containment andmanagement is on that pointfore important.96THE send off master copyS medical checkup subscribeVehicles ar non-living or non-living means of transmission of infectious organisms. They accepts Water. If polluted, proper(postnominal)ally by grime sewage. Water is the vehicle for suchenteric (intestin al) diseases as typhoid, cholera, and amoebic and bacillary dy directery. s Milk is the vehicle for diseases of cattle transmissible to man, including bovine tuberculosis,brucellosis. Milk alike serves as a growth medium for some agents of bacterial diseases such as campylobacter, a common cause of diarrhoea.s Food is the vehicle for salmonella infections (which include enteric fever), amoebicdysentery, and other diarrhoeal diseases, and poisoning. both regimen squirt act as a vehicle for infection especially if it is raw or inadequately cooked, or improperly refrigerated aft(prenominal)(prenominal) cooking, as well as having been in contact with an infected source. The source whitethorn be another infected forage, hands, water or spread.s Air is the vehicle for the common cold, pneumonia, tuberculosis. influenza, holloingcough. morbilli. and chickenpox. Discharges from the mouth. irrupt, pharynx, or lungs urinate the form of droplets which remain suspended in the air , from which they may be inhaled. s Soil dissolve be the vehicle for tetanus, anthrax, hookworm. and some annoy infections. s Fomites. This term includes all inanimate objects, other than water, milk, food, air, and soil,that might play a role in the transmission of disease. Fomites include recogniseding, clo diluteg and the surfaces of objects.Vectors ar animate or living vehicles which transmit infections in the act oning ways s Mechanical transfer. The contaminated mouth- touch offs or feet of some insect vectorsmechanically transfer the infectious organisms to a bite-wound or to food. For example, flies may transmit bacillary dysentery, typhoid, or other intestinal infections by walking over the infected vogue and later leaving the disease-producing reservoirs on food. s Intestinal harbourage. Certain insects harbour pathogenic (disease causing) organisms intheir intestinal tracts. The organisms are passed in the faeces or are regurgitated by the vector, and the bite-w ounds or food are contaminated. (e.g. plague, typhus.) s Biological transmission. This term refers to multiplication of the infectious agent during itsstay in the body of the vector. The vector takes in the organism along with a store meal just is not able to transmit infection until after a definite period, during which the pathogen changes. The parasite that causes malaria is an example of an organism that completes the sexual coiffures of its life cycle within its vector, the mosquito. The virus of colour fever likewise multiplies in the bodies of mosquitoes.Terms used in connection with genetic diseasesA carrier is a person who has the infection, either without becoming ill himself or following convalescence from it.A contact is a person who may amaze on been in contact with an infected person. The incubation period is the interval of time that elapses among a person be infected with either communicable disease and the appearance of the features of that disease. Th is period is in truth variable and depends upon the infectious agent and the inoculum (the measure of the infectious agent).The isolation period signifies the time during which a forbearing suffering from an infectious disease should be dislocated from others.The period of communicability is the time during which a uncomplaining of role who may be incubating an infectious disease following contact send away communicate the disease to others. The quarantine period means the time during which port authorities may require a institutionalise to be isolated from contact with the shore. insulate of this kind is seldom carried out except when monstrous epelvic inflammatory disea faceicdiseases, such as, for instance. plague. cholera, or yellow fever are p envy or take a leak recently egestred on board.Chapter 6 genetic DISEASESSymptoms and signsIn reality it is often genuinely touchy to bring up an accurate diagnosing of an infectious disease without laboratory investigatio ns. It may be mathematical if in that location are actually specific features such as a inflorescence (varicella) or cluster of declarative features (regular fever, enlarged spleen and history of mosquito bites in an endemic area). Because of the difficulty in qualification an accurate diagnosis on board ship you may bring in to give a variety of manipulations each(prenominal) order at different infectious agents.OnsetAl just more or less all communicable diseases begin with the unhurried tinge unwell and perhaps a rise in temperature. This period may be very short, relentless only a few hours (meningococcal sepsis), or more elongated (hepatitis). In some diseases the outpouring is buggy and there is not much planetary disturbance of health, whereas in others it is atrocious and prostrating. During the attack it is rarely thinkable to make a diagnosis.The flushThe diagnosis of some communicable diseases is made easier by the presence of a characteristic foo lhardy. In certain diseases (e.g. rubicund fever) the heyday is spread tied(p)ly over the body, in others it is check to definite areas. When examining an individual suspected to be suffering from a communicable disease, it is of great importance to houseclean him completely in order to position a full picture of any rash and its distribution. widely distributed rules for the management of communicable diseases isolationThe principles of isolation are descri spang in Chapter 3 and Chapter 5. If you encounter a suspicion that the disease with which you are dealing is infectious it is advisable to invoke isolation precautions as in short as achievable. wordAn essential element in discourse is maintaining the long-sufferings well being. This is achieved through veracious general nursing and it is important to ensure that the longanimous does not become dehydrated.Advice on specific medical discourse for infectious diseases which are credibly to respond to specific drugs is presumption under the sections on treatment for the individual diseases. You may also be certified to administer drugs to anticipate sustainary infection occurring. deal Chapter on global Nursing and on how to reduce a risqueschool fever. dietingingDiet leave alone very much depend on the type of disease and unkindness of fever. Serious fever is invariably accompanied by loss of appetite and this will automatically unravel to re unfor braggart(a) diet to beverages such as water flavoured with lemon juice and a gnomish sugar or wispy tea with a little milk and perhaps sugar.Essential basic ruless Isolate. If anyone suffers from a temperature without taken for granted(predicate) cause it is best to isolate himuntil a diagnosis has been made.s Strip the persevering and make a thorough examination looking for any signs of a rash in orderto try to prove the diagnosis.s Put him to bed, and appoint someone to look after and nurse the enduring. s base non-alcoholic u nsounds in the first instance.s If his temperature exceeds 39.4C make arrangements for tepid sponging.9798THE SHIP passe-partoutS health check GUIDEs Arrange for the use of a bed pan and piddle bottle if the affected role essays any sign ofprostration or if his temperature is high.s If the patient is seriously ill and if in any doubt as to the diagnosis seek wireless MEDICALADVICE, failing which you should consider the need for making for port. s Treat symptoms as they arise.Do not attempt to get the patient up during convalescence if he is feeble, but keep him in bed until the next port is reached.When approaching port, send a radio message giving details of the causal agent to enable the Port Health Authority to make arrangements for the isolation of the role and any contacts on comer and Disinfection.Immunisation and travel adviceIt is important that up to escort advice on immunisation and the prevalent diseases should be obtained ahead reach in a foreign port. This i s close to easily available from the following publicationsHealth Information for Overseas die, produced by the UK Department of Health, and International Travel and Health, WHO, GenevaAnthraxFrench CharbonGerman MilzbrandItalian CarbonchioSpanish Carbon pensiveness outcome 2 to 7 sidereal age, commonly 2 outcome of communicability No evidence of transmission from person to person isolation detail No evidence of transmission from person to person isolate menses none.Anthrax is an ridiculous but serious communicable disease which may occur in man and animals. It occurs in man either as an infection of the skin (malignant pustule), or as an attack on the lungs or intestines, or as a widely spread infection throughout the body by means of the blood circulation.Anthrax is, in man, unremarkably contracted by handling infected animals, skins, hides, or furs. It can also be conveyed by the consumption of infected or insufficiently cooked meat, or by the inhalation of patter c ontaining the organism.Symptoms and signsIn most cases anthrax is accompanied by abominable symptoms such as fever and prostration. When it appears as a skin infection, it begins as a red itching pimple which curtly changes into a whip and within the next 36 hours progresses into a large boil with a sloughing centre skirt by a ring of pimples. Alternatively it may take the form of a painless widespread gibbosity of the skin which shortly breaks down to form pus in the area.The gastro-intestinal form of anthrax resembles food poisoning with diarrhoea and bloody faeces. The lung form captures into a quickly opprobrious pneumonia.TreatmentShould a case of anthrax occur at sea, which is unlikely unless as a result of handling animals, hides, skins, etc., all dressings or other material that come into contact with the discharge must be burnt or dispose of by disinfection.Instruments must be used to handle dressings as far as possible, and the instruments must later on be ster ilised by vigorous boiling for not less than 30 minutes, since the spores of the anthrax germ are difficult to kill.Treatment is not easy on board and the patient should be attribute ashore as soon as possible. In the meantime treatment is with PenicillinNo attempt at surgical treatment (incision or lancing of the touchy) should bemade as it does no good. Cover the rude(a) with a dressing.Seek advice from a Port Health Authority about(predicate) the treatment of cargo.Chapter 6 COMMUNICABLE DISEASESCellulitis (Erysipelas)French ErysipleGerman Erysipel pensiveness Period1 to 7 twenty-four hour periodsPeriod of communicability noneclosing off Period None isolate Period NoneItalian ErisipelaSpanish ErisipelaThis disease is an acute unhealthy condition of the skin caused by a germ entering the body through a come or abrasion. Cellulitis occurs anywhere, but most commonly on the legs, accouterments and face.The onset is sudden with shivering, and a general feeling of malaise. The temperature rises quickly and may reach about 40oC. The abnormal area becomes acutely inflamed and red on the first or second day of the infection and the touchwood spreads rapidly outwards with a well-marked, raised, and advancing edge. As the disease advances the portions of the skin first attacked become less inflamed and exhibit a yellowish appearance. Blisters may appear on the inflamed area which can be very horrendous.General treatmentThe patient must be kept in bed during the acute stage. peculiar(prenominal) treatment give birth the patient benzyl penicillin 600 mg followed by oral antibiotic treatment. Paracetamol can be tending(p) up to ease the pain.Chickenpox (Varicella)French VaricelleGerman Windpocken Italian VaricellaSpanish Varicelabrooding Period 14 to 21 years, usually 14Period of communicability Up to 5 long time in front the onset of the rash and 5 old age after the first crop of vesiclesclosing off Period Until the vesicles become dry insulate Period NoneThis highly infectious disease starts with fever and feeling unwell. Within a day or twain the rash appears on the trunk but soon spreads to the face and elsewhere, even sometimes to the pharynx and palate.The rash starts as red pimples which quickly change into small blisters (vesicles) filled with sop up precarious which may become slightly coloured and sticky during the second day. Within a day or devil the blisters burst or shrivel up and become cover with a brownish scab. ordered crops of spy appear for up to fiver days. Although usually a mild disease, sometimes the rash is more severe and very rarely pneumonia may occur.TreatmentA member of the crew who has had chickenpox, and therefore has immunity, could make a suitable nurse. If all of the crew have had chickenpox in the past then there is no need to isolate the patient. The patient need not be confined to bed unless he is unwell. He should be told not to shaft, especially not to scratch his face otherwise poc k label may remain for life. calamine lotion, if available, dabbed onto the spots may ease the itching.99100THE SHIP CAPTAINS MEDICAL GUIDECholeraFrench CholraGerman CholeraItalian disruptionraIncubation Period 1 to 5 days, usually 23 daysPeriod of communicability Usually for a few days after recovery closing off Period Until diarrhoea has colonisedQuarantine Period 5 daysSpanish CleraCholera is a severe bacterial infection of the bowel producing profuse watery diarrhoea, muscular cramps, vomiting and rapid collapse. Infection occurs principally through imbibeable infected water and sometimes through ingest contaminated uncooked vegetables, fruit, shell lean or ice cream. It generally occurs in areas where sanitation is measly and where untempered sewage has contaminated suck uping water. Other bacterial and viral causes of diarrhoea can sometimes produce a similar clinical picture and may be just as severe.Symptoms and signsMost cases are mild and will not be differentiat ed from any other form of diarrhoea. In a severe case the onset is abrupt, the vomiting and diarrhoea extreme with the faeces at first yellowish and later pale and watery, containing little white shreds of mucus resembling rice grains. The temperature is below normal, and the impulse rapid and feeble. The frequent copious watery faeces rapidly produce dehydration. Vomiting is profuse, first of food but soon changing to a thin fluid similar to the water passed by the bowel. Cramps of an agonising character attack the limbs and abdomen, and the patient rapidly passes into a state of collapse.As the result of the loss of fluid, the cheeks fall in, the eyes become shrunken and the skin loses its normal springiness and will not quickly counterpunch to its normal shape when pinched. The body becomes cold and covered with a clammy sweat, the urine is scanty, the breathing rapid and shallow,and the voice is sunk to a whisper. The patient is now restless, with vigor cramps induced by los s of salt, and feebly complaining of intense thirst. This stage may rapidly terminate in death or equally rapidly turn to convalescence. In the latter case the cessation of vomiting and purging and the return of some warmth to the skin will herald convalescence.TreatmentIf there is a suspected case of cholera on board tuner MEDICAL ADVICE ON MANAGEMENT SHOULD BE OBTAINED PROMPTLY.The patient should be isolated and purge to bed at once. Every grounds should be made to re train fluid and salt loss. at that placefore, keep a fluid balance chart. The patient should be told that his life depends on drinking enough and he should be encouraged and if necessary most obligate to drink as much as possible until all signs of dehydration disappear (until his urine output is vertebral column to normal). Thereafter he should drink about 300 ml after each stool until the diarrhoea stops. It is best to drink oral rehydration solution (ORS), if this is not available, make up a solution from 2 0 gm of sugar with a pinch of salt and a pinch of sodium bicarbonate and juice from an orange in 500 ml sterile water. puddle doxycycline two hundred mg first dose then 100 mg once daily. If vomiting, give an antiemetic anovulant or injection forwards each dose. The patient must be kept in bed until seen by a sterilize.CautionCholera is a disease which is transmitted from person to person. If cholera is suspected, the ships water supply must be exhaustively treated to make sure that it is safe. The governance of infected faeces and vomit must be chastenessled carefully since they are highly infectious. The hygiene precautions of all attendants must be of an order to prevent them also becoming infected and all food supply on board must be reviewed.Chapter 6 COMMUNICABLE DISEASESDengue feverFrench DengueGerman Denguefieber SiebentagefieberItalian Dengue Febbra dei sette giorniSpanish Fiebre dengueIncubation Period 3 to 14 days, usually 7 to 10 days.Period of communicability No person to person transmission. Infective for mosquitoes for about 5 days from just before the end of the febrile period. isolation Period NoneQuarantine Period NoneThis is an acute fever of about 7 days duration conveyed by a mosquito. It is sometimes called break-bone fever. It is an unpleasant, nettlesome disease which is rarely fatal. A severe form of the disease, dengue haemorrhagic fever, can occur in children. Features of the disease are its sudden onset with a high fever, severe business organization and aching cornerstone the eyeballs, and intense pain in the joints and muscles, especially in the small of the back.The face may swell up and the eyes suffuse but no rash appears at this stage. Occasionally an itchy rash resembling that of measles but bright red in colour appears on the fourth or fifth day of the illness. It starts on the hands and feet from which it spreads to other parts of the body, but remains most dense on the limbs. by and by the rash fades, the skin dries and the surface flakes. afterward about the fourth day the fever subsides, but it may recur some threesome days later before subsiding again by the 10th day.General treatmentThere is no specific treatment, but paracetamol will justify some of the pain, and hemimorphite lotion, if available, may ease the itching of the rash. Control is by removal of Aedes mosquitoes.DiphtheriaFrench DiphtrieGerman DiphterieItalian DifteriteSpanish DifteriaIncubation Period 2 to 5 daysPeriod of communicability Usually less than 2 weeks, shorter if the patient receives antibiotics Isolation Period 2 weeksQuarantine Period NoneDiphtheria is an acute infectious disease characterised by the formation of a membrane in the throat and nose. The onset is gradual and starts with a sore throat and fever accompanied by shivering. The throat symptoms increase, swallowing being painful and difficult, and whitish-grey patches of membrane become conspicuous on the back of the throat, the tonsils and the palate. The patches look like wash leather and bleed on being touched. The neck fountain glands swell, and the breath is foul. The fever may last for two weeks with severe prostration. Bacterial toxins may cause fatal heart failure and muscle paralysis.General treatmentImmediate isolation is essential as diphtheria is very infectious, the infection being spread by aerosols.Specific treatmentSpecific treatment is diphtheria anti-toxin which should be disposed at the earliest possible opportunity if the patient can get to medical care. Antibiotic treatment should be addicted to all cases to limit the spread of infection but it will not fling off toxin which has already been produced.101102THE SHIP CAPTAINS MEDICAL GUIDEEnteric fever typhoidFrench Fivre typhoideGerman Typhus abdominalisItalian Febbre tifoideaSpanish Fiebre tifoideaIncubation Period 1 to 3 weeks, depending on size of infecting dose Period of communicability Usually less than 2 weeks. Prolonged carriage of salmonel la typhi may occur in some of those not treated.Isolation Period Variable.Quarantine Period NoneThe term enteric fever covers typhoid and para-typhoid fevers. Enteric fever is contracted by drinking water or eating food that has been contaminated with typhoid germs. Seafarers are advised to be very careful where they eat and drink when ashore. Immunisation gives priming coatable protection against typhoid but not para-typhoid.In general the para-typhoids are milder and tend to have a shorter course. The disease may have a wide variety of symptoms depending on the roughness of the attack. Nevertheless, typhoid fever, however mild, is a disease which must be treated seriously, not only because of its possible effect upon the patient, but also to prevent it spreading to others who may not have been immunised. Strict attention must be given to hygiene and cleanliness and all clothing and soiled linen must be disinfected.During the first week the patient feels off-colour and apathetic, he may have a persistent headache, poor appetite, and sometimes nose hemorrhage. There is some abdominal discomfort and usually constipation. These symptoms increase until he is forced to go to bed. At this stage his temperature begins to rise in go reaching about 3940C in the evenings. For about two weeks it never drops back to normal even in the mornings.Any person who is found with a persistent temperature of this kind should always be suspected of having typhoid, especially if his pulse rate remains basically normal. In 10 to 20% of cases, from about the seventh day, characteristic rose-pink spots may appear on the lower office, abdomen and back, which if pressed with the finger will disappear and return when pressure is released. Each spot lasts about 34 days and they continue to appear in crops until the end of the second week or longer. Search for them in a good light, especially in dark-skinned races.During the second week,mental apathy, confusion and delirium may occur. In the more favourable cases the patient will commence recovery but in the worst cases his condition will continue to deteriorate and may terminate in deep coma and death. Even where the patient appears to be recovering, he may suffer a relapse. There are a variety of complications but the most dangerous are haemorrhage from, or perforation of, the bowel. Where the faeces are found to contain blood at any stage of the disease the patient must be kept as immobile as possible and put on a milk and water diet. If the bowel is perforated, peritonitis will set in.General treatmentAnyone suspected of having typhoid or para-typhoid fever should be kept in bed in strict isolation until seen by a doctor. The patients urine and faeces are highly infectious, as may be his vomit. These should all be disposed of. The attendants and others coming into the room should wash their hands thoroughly after handling the bedpan or washing the patient, and before leaving the room.The patient should be en couraged to drink as much as possible and a fluid input/output chart should be maintained. He can eat as much as he wants, but it is best if the food is light.Specific treatmentIf you suspect somebody has enteric fever get RADIO MEDICAL ADVICE. Give ciprofloxacin 500 mg every 12 hours for one week. On this treatment the fever and all symptoms should respond within 45 days.All cases should be seen by a doctor at the first opportunity. The case notes including details of the amount of medicine given should be sent with the patient.Chapter 6 COMMUNICABLE DISEASESGerman measles rubellaFrench RuboleGerman RtelnItalian RosoliaSpanish RubolaIncubation Period 14 to 23 days, usually 17Period of communicability For about 1 week before to at to the lowest degree 4 days after the onset of the rash Isolation Period Until 7 days from the appearance of the rash Quarantine Period NoneGerman measles is a highly infectious, though mild disease. It has features similar to those of mild attacks of or dinary measles or of ruby-red fever. For the differences in symptoms and signs see the table.Usually the first sign of the disease is a rash of spots, though sometimes there will be headache, scratchiness and soreness of the muscles, and some slight fever preceding or accompanying the rash. The rash is absent in half the cases and lasts from 5 to 6 days. The glands towards the back of the neck are swollen and can easily be felt. This is an important distinguishing sign. This swelling will precede the rash by up to 10 days.General treatmentGive the patient paracetamol, and calamine lotion, if available, for the rash.Specific treatmentNOTE Particular care should be taken to isolate patients with German measles from heavy(predicate) women Any pregnant woman on board should see a doctor ashore as soon as possible so that her immunity to rubella can be confirmed. If a patient has seen his wife in the last week he should be asked whether his wife might be pregnant. If so, his wife shou ld be advised to see her doctor.Glandular fever infectious mononucleosisFrench Fivre glandulaire Mononucleose infectieuseGerman Drusenfieber Infektiose MononukleoseItalian Febbre ghiandolare (Mononucleosi infettiva)Spanish Fiebre glandular (Mononucleosis infecciosa)Incubation Period 4 to 6 weeksPeriod of communicability Prolonged, excretion of virus may persist for ayear or more Isolation Period NoneQuarantine Period NoneThis distemper is an acute infection which is most likely to affect the young members of the crew. Convalescence may take up to two or three months.The disease starts with a gradual increase in temperature and a sore throat a white covering often develops later over the tonsils. At this stage it is likely to be diagnosed as tonsillitis and treated as such. However it tends not to respond to such treatment and, during this time, a generalised enlargement of glands occurs. The glands of the neck, armpit and groins start to swell, and become tender those in the neck to a appreciable extent.The patient may have difficulty in eating or swallowing. His temperature may go very high and he may sweat profusely. Occasionally there is jaundice between the fifth and 14th day. Commonly there is a blotchy skin rash on the upper trunk and arms at the end of the first week. Vague abdominal pain is sometimes a feature. A diagnosis of diphtheria may be considered collect to the appearance of the tonsils, but the generalised glandular enlargement is typical of glandular fever.General treatmentParacetamol should be given to relieve pain and to moderate the temperature. Any antibiotics which have been official to treat the tonsillitis should be discontinued. There is no specific treatment. If complications arise get RADIO MEDICAL ADVICE.103104THE SHIP CAPTAINS MEDICAL GUIDEHepatitis (viral)French Hpatite HepatitisGerman HepatitisItalian EpatiteSpanish HepatitisIncubation Period 15 to 50 days for hepatitis A, 60 to 90 days for hepatitis B (may be much longer) Period of communicability None after jaundice has appeared in hepatitis A, can be indefinite for hepatitis BIsolation Period During first week of illnessQuarantine Period NoneThis is an acute infection of the colorful caused by viruses. There are two main causes of acute hepatitis hepatitis A and hepatitis B. Two other viruses may cause hepatitis (C and E), but these are uncommon. The most likely cause will be hepatitis A and this is spread by the faecal-oral route (as is hepatitis E). Hepatitis B is spread sexually or by contaminated blood or needles. There is no way of differentiating one type of viral hepatitis from another. The urine and faeces will show the typical changes associated with jaundice.TreatmentThere is no specific treatment. The patient should be put to bed and treat in isolation. Plenty of sweetened fluids should be given until the appetite returns. When the appetite returns a fat-free diet should be given. No alcohol should be allowed. All cases must be seen by a doctor at the next port.InfluenzaFrench Grippe InfluenzaGerman Epidemische Influenza GrippeItalian InfluenzaSpanish Influenza GrippeIncubation Period 1 to 5 daysPeriod of communicability 3 to 5 days (7 in children) from the onset of illness Isolation Period Often half-baked because of the delay in diagnosis. In an outbreak it would be advisable to keep all affected individuals unitedly and away from those who are well Quarantine Period noneThis is an acute infectious disease caused by a germ inhaled through the nose or mouth. It often occurs in epidemics. The onset is sudden and the symptomsare, at first, the same as those of the common cold. Later the patient feels much worse with fits of shivering, and severe aching of the limbs and back. Depression, hoarseness of breath, palpitations, and headaches, are common. Influenza may vary in severity. Commonly a sharp unpleasant agitated attack is followed by a prompt fall in temperature and a short convalescence. Pneumonia is a po ssible complication.General treatmentThe patient should be subject to standard isolation. He should be watched for signs of pneumonia such as pain in the chest, rapid breathing and a bluish tinge to the lips. He should be given plenty to drink and a light and nutritious diet if he can manage it.Specific treatmentThere is no specific treatment for the uncomplicated case, but the patient should be given paracetamol as needed.Chapter 6 COMMUNICABLE DISEASESMalariaFrench PaludismeGerman MalariaItalian Malaria Spanish PaludismoIncubation Period 12 days or more, depending on the type of malaria Period of communicability The patient will remain infectious for mosquitoes until they have been completely treatedIsolation Period None if in mosquito-proof adjustmentQuarantine Period NoneMalaria is a recurrent fever caused by protozoa introduced into the blood stream by the bite of the genus Anopheles mosquito. The malaria-carrying mosquito is most prevalent in districts where there is surface water on which it lays its eggs. It is a dangerous equatorial disease which causes fever, debility and, sometimes, coma and death.Malarial areasPorts between latitudes 25N and 25S on the coasts of Africa (including Malagassy), Asia, and underlying and South America should be regarded as infected or potentially infected with malaria. Enquiries should be made prior to departure to allow appropriate prophylaxis to be arranged and treatment drugs obtained. Before arrival in port just enquiries should be made as to the current malaria situation and prophylaxis issued to the crew if necessary. stripe of malariaThe risks of attacks of malaria can be very greatly reduced if proper precautions are taken and the disease can be cured if proper treatment is given. Despite this, cases have occurred in ships where several members of the crew have been attacked by malaria during a wholeness voyage with severe and even fatal results.The precautions ares scheme of mosquito bitess prevention of infection.Avoidance of mosquito bitesThe best way to prevent malarial infection is to take measures to forefend being bitten. The advent of air conditioned ships has made many traditional preventive measures obsolete. However, when within two miles of a malarial shore it remains important that s doors are kept closed at all times after dusks any mosquitoes which enter compartments are killed using insecticide spray s persons going on deck or ashore after dusk clothing long sleeved shirts and trousers to avoidexposing their arms and legss no pools of stagnant water are allowed to develop on deck or in life boats, wheremosquitoes might breed.In ships which are not air conditioned other traditional measures to protect against mosquitoes should be implemented. These includes placing fine wire engagement over portholes, sky lights, ventilators and other openings s screening lights to avoid attracting mosquitoess fixing mosquito nets over beds where accommodation spaces cannot be made mosquitoproof. cake of infectionThe fewer the bites, the smaller is the risk of infection but even when the greatest care is exercised it will seldom be possible entirely to prevent mosquito bites either on shore or in the105106THE SHIP CAPTAINS MEDICAL GUIDEship. For this reason in all cases when a ship is bound for a malarial port, Masters (in addition to pickings all possible measures to prevent mosquito bites) should control infection by giving treatment systematically to all the ships crew.Preventive treatment (prophylaxis) does not always prevent a person from promise malarial infection, but it will reduce the incur of disease. All persons, therefore, should be warned that they have been exposed to the chance of malaria infection and that, if they fall ill at a later date, they should inform their doctor without delay that the fever from which they are then suffering may be due to malaria contracted abroad. The most appropriate prophylaxis will vary with the location as the re are different types of malaria in various parts of the world. There is also increasing resistance to anti-malarials which will affect their effectiveness. Up to date information should be obtained before departure if possible or from the topical anaesthetic health authorities.General guidelinesStart taking the prophylaxis before arrival at a malarial area in accordance with specific instructions and depending on the region. (Usually 1-3 weeks before departure).This will allow the tolerance and side-effects (if any) of the prophylactic drug to be assessed. Prophylaxis should be continued for 4 weeks after leaving the malarial area so as to ensure all stages of the parasite have been killed.No drugs for the treatment of malaria are specified in the MSN 1726 as the advice varies with destination and the pattern of disease in any given malarial area at the time. For information, the UKs familiarize guidelines recommend 3 different regimes depending on destinations Proguanil 200 mg o nce daily and chloroquine 300 mg weeklys Mefloquine 250 mg once weeklys Maloprim (a combined tablet of dapsone and pyrimethamine) 1 tablet weekly andchloroquine 300 mg weeklyOther regimes may be used in areas of high level resistanceTreatment of malariaFeatures of the illnessMalaria cannot be diagnosed with certainty without laboratory assistance. If the person has been in a potentially malarial area within the last few months and has a fever they should be assumed to have malaria. The characteristic patterns of fever associated with malaria (fever every 2 to 3 days) may not be obvious. The illness may progress rapidly without many features other than fever and sweating. There will often be a severe headache. If there is any doubt about whether to treat or not get RADIO MEDICAL ADVICE.General treatment for mild or severe malariaThe patient should be put to bed in a cool place and his temperature, pulse and respiration taken four periodical. If body temperature rises to 40oC or ove r, cooling should be carried out. The temperature should be taken and recorded at 15 minute intervals until it has been normal for some time. Thereafter the four-hourly recording should be resumed until the attack has definitely passed.Specific treatment for mild or severe malariaAnti-malarial drugs are not specified in MSN 1726 as treatment depends on the area and patterns of resistance. If anti-malarials are to be carried seek appropriate advice on which to obtain/use.The following examples of current regimes are given for information s Quinine 600 mg every 8 hours for 7 days followed by Fansidar (see below) 3 tablets as asingle doseors Mefloquine 500 mg (2 tablets) for 2 doses 8 hours apartChapter 6 COMMUNICABLE DISEASESChloroquine is not used for treatment except for proven single infections with vivax and other benign malarias because of drug resistance. If quinine, Fansidar or mefloquine are not available then chloroquine 300 mg 8 hourly for three doses then 300 mg daily for 2 days should be used.If the patient is inefficient to take medicine by mouth or is vomiting then quinine 600 mg should be given by intramuscular injection every 8 hours. As soon as the patient is able to swallow it should be given by mouth. Quinine may produce ringing in the ears or dizziness, but this should not normally be a reason to stop treatment.NOTE All patients who have been treated for malaria or suspected malaria must see a doctor at the next port because further medical treatment may be necessary.MeaslesFrench RougeoleGerman MasernItalian MorbilloSpanish SarampionIncubation Period 7 to 18 days usually 10 until onset of fever, 14 days until rash Period of communicability about 10 days, minimally infectious after the second day of the rash Isolation Period 4 days after onset of rashQuarantine Period NoneMeasles does not often occur in adults. See also the sections on German measles and scarlet fever and the table of differences of symptoms.The disease starts like a cold in the head, with sneezing, a running nose and eyes, headache, cough and a slight fever 37.5C39C. During the next two days the catarrh extends to the throat causing hoarseness and a cough. A careful examination of the mouth during this period may fall apart minute white or bluish white spots the size of a pins head on the inner side of the cheeks, or the tongue and inner side of the lips. These are know a Koplik spots and are not found in German measles and scarlet fever.The rash appears on the fourth day when the temperature increases to 3940C. Pale rose-coloured spots first appear on the face and spread down to cover the rest of the body. The spots run together to form a mottled blotched appearance. The rash deepens in colour as it gets older. In four or five days the rash begins to fade, starting where it first appeared. The skin may peel. The main danger of measles is that the patient may get bronchitis, pneumonia or middle ear infection.General treatmentThis highly infectious di sease is conveyed to others when the patient coughsor sneezes. There is no specific treatment, but the patient may have paracetamol. Calamine lotion, if available, may be applied to soothe the rash.Meningococcal disease (meningitis and septicaemia)French Mningite crbro-spinal pidmiqueGerman Epidemische Meningitis Cerebro-spinalItalian Meningite cerebro-spinal epidemicaSpanish Meningitis cerebro-spinal epidemicaIncubation Period 2 to 10 days, usually 3 to 4Period of communicability Generally not communicable whilst the patient is on antibiotics Isolation Period For 24 hours after the start of antibiotics Quarantine Period NoneInfection caused by the meningococcus (a bacteria) can cause either meningitis, with inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord, or a septicaemia characterised by a generalised rash that does not fade on pressure. Unless treated promptly and effectively, the outcome is nearly always fatal. It occurs in epidemics which may affect closed c ommunities such as a ship. The infection enters by the nose and mouth. Meningitis starts suddenly with fever, large headache and vomiting. Within the first day the temperature increases rapidly to 39C or more and the headache becomes agonising.107108THE SHIP CAPTAINS MEDICAL GUIDEVomiting increases and there is general backache with pain and stiffness in the neck. Intolerance of light (photophobia) is usually present. The patient may be intensely irritable and resent all interference, or may even be delirious.As the meningitis develops the patient adopts a characteristic passenger car inbed, lying on the side with his back to the light, knees drawn up and neck bent backwards. lethargy with incontinence may develop.The septicaemia caused by the meningococcus also starts suddenly with a flu like illness. A rash develops quickly, starting with pin prick like spots which will not blanche when pressed. This rash may progress to form large dark red areas.Individual cases may vary in the facilitate of onset, the severity of the illness and the clinical features which are present.If meningitis is suspected get RADIO MEDICAL ADVICE and it will function the doctor if the results of the two following tests are availableThe neck bending testAsk the patient to attempt to put his chin on his chest. In meningitis the patient will be unable to do so because forward neck movement will be greatly restricted by muscle contraction. Try to increase the range of forward movement by pushing gently on the back of his head. The neck muscles will contract even more to prevent the movement and the headache and backache will be increased.The knee grooming test Figure 6.1A. Bend one leg until the heel isclose to the buttock.(A) Bend one leg until the heelis close to the buttock.B. come across the bent leg to lie overthe abdomen.C. Keeping the second joint as in (B) tryto straighten the lower leg.In meningitis it will be impossibleto straighten the knee beyond aright angle and attem pts to forcemovement will increase thebackache.(B) Move the bended legto lie over the abdomen.General treatmentThe patient should be nursed in aquiet, well-ventilated room withshaded lights in strict isolation. Heshould be accompanied at alltimes by an attendant who shouldwear a face mask to cover his noseand mouth. Tepid sponging maybe necessary and pressure pointsshould be treated. Usually there isno appetite but he should beencouraged to drink plenty offluid. Ice packs may help to relievethe headache.(C) Keeping the thighas in (B) try to straightenthe lower leg.Figure 6.1 The knee straightening test.Specific treatmentGive benzyl penicillin 3 g intramuscularly at once, and get RADIO MEDICAL ADVICE as to the amount and frequency of subsequent injections of benzyl penicillin. Until such advice is received, give benzyl penicillin 2.4 g at six hourly intervals. The headache should be treated with codeine. The patient should come under the care of a doctor as soon as possible.Chapter 6 COMMUNICABLE DISEASESMumpsFrench OreillonsItalian Malaria OrecchioniGerman Mumps ZiegenpeterSpanish OrejonesIncubation Period 12 to 26 days, usually 18Period of communicability 7 days before glandular swelling and up to 9 days after Isolation Period 9 days after swelling startedQuarantine Period NoneMumps is a viral disease which causes the swelling of the salivary glands in front of the ears and around the angle of the jaw. The swelling usually affects both sides of the face though it may only affect one side and it may make the mouth difficult to open. The onset is usually sudden and may be accompanied by a slight fever. The swelling stepwise diminishes and should disappear entirely in about 3 weeks. to the highest degree 20% of men with mumps get orchitis which is the swelling of one or both testicles when this occurs it usually happens around the tenth day. Whilst very painful, orchitis does not usually result in infertility and never in impotence.General treatmentThe patient should be put in standard isolation for 9 days and stay in bed for 4 to 5 days or until the fever is no longer present. He can be given paracetamol to relieve the symptoms, but there is no specific treatment.If he develops swollen painful testicles (orchitis) he should stay in bed. He should support the scrotum on a pad or small pillow. The testicles should also be support if the patient gets up for any reason.PlagueFrench PesteGerman PestItalian PesteSpanish PesteIncubation Period 2 to 6 daysPeriod of communicability As long as infected fleas are present. Person to person spread is uncommon except with plague pneumonia.Isolation Period For 3 days after the start of antibiotic treatment Quarantine Period 6 daysPlague is a serious bacterial disease transmitted to man by infected rat fleas. It may present in three waysBubonic in which buboes (swollen lymph nodes) are the most obvious feature. The nodes are painful and may ooze pus.Pneumonic in which pneumonia is the main feature. The type of plague is very infectious as the sputum contains the plague bacterium.Septicaemic which is rapidly fatal.The attack begins suddenly with severe malaise, shivering, pains in the back and sometimes vomiting. The patient becomes prostrated and is confused. His temperature reaches about oC C and the pulse is rapid. After about 2 days the buboes may develop, most commonly in 38the groins. The buboes may soften into abscesses.General treatmentThe patient should be cared for by an attendant who should wear a face mask to cover his nose and mouth The patient should be isolated and taken as soon as possible to a port where he can be treated. He should rest in bed, be encouraged to drink as much fluid as possible and have a very light diet. If the abscesses burst they should be dressed with a simple dressing, but they must not be lanced. Soiled linen and bed clothes should be boiled for 10 minutes or destroyed.109110THE SHIP CAPTAINS MEDICAL GUIDESpecific treatmentGive Doxycycline 10 0 mg once daily for at least 5 days. The patient should remain on complete bed rest during convalescence.PreventionPlague should be notified to the local health authorities at the next port of call. The quarters of the patient and the crew should be treated with insecticide powder and dust to ensure the destruction of fleas.WarningDead rats should be picked up with tongs, placed in a plastic bag, which should be sealed with string, weighted and thrown overboard if the ship is in port, the dead rats should be disposed of in the manner required by the port medical health authority.Poliomyelitis infantile paralysisFrench PoliomyliteItalian PoliomieliteGerman PoliomyelitisSpanish PoliomielitisIncubation Period 321 days, commonly 714 daysPeriod of communicability Cases are most infectious during the first few days before and after the onset of symptomsIsolation Period not more than 7 daysQuarantine Period NonePoliomyelitis is an acute viral disease that occurs mostly in children. It isa disease almost entirely preventable by immunisation.The severity ranges from non-apparent infection to non-specific febrile illness, meningitis, paralytic disease and death. Symptoms of the mild disease include fever, malaise, headache, nausea and vomiting. If the disease progresses, severe muscle pain and stiffness of the neck and back, with or without paralysis will occur. The most commonly affected parts are the legs and arms, shoulders, diaphragm and chest muscles. The development of paralysis is generally complete within two days and then recovery begins. The recovery may be complete or leave some degree of paralysisAffected muscles are usually painful and tender if touched. They are always jerk and movements of the affected parts are either looseened or lost by the wasting which appears very soon after paralysis.Paralysis of the respiratory muscles may cause breathlessness and blueness of the lips.General treatmentThere is no specific treatment but much can be achieved by g ood nursing. The patient should have complete rest in bed. Pain should be treated with paracetamol and/or codeine. If a limb has been affected it should be supported by pillows in such a way that the paralysed muscles cannot be stretched. The joints above and below the paralysis should be put through a full range of movement morning and evening to prevent stiffness. In all cases, as soon as paralysis appears, RADIO MEDICAL ADVICE must be sought. If the respiratory muscles are affected, breathing difficulty may ensue. Urgent steps must be taken to get the patient to skilled hospital treatment as soon as possible.Chapter 6 COMMUNICABLE DISEASESRabies hydrophobiaFrench La rageGerman TollwutItalian RabbiaSpanish RabiaIncubation Period in humans the incubation period is usually 2 to 12 weeks, shortest for patients bitten about the head and those with extensive bites Communicability Rabies is rarely, if ever, spread from human to human. Nevertheless for the duration of the illness conta minant with saliva should be avoided by wearing gloves when nursing the patientIsolation Period Duration of the illnessQuarantine PeriodRabies is an acute infectious viral disease that is almost always fatal. When a rabid mammal bites humans or other animals, its saliva transmits the infection into the wound, from where it spreads to the central nervous system. Rabies is primarily an infection of wild animals such as skunks, coyotes, foxes, wolves, racoons, bats, squirrels, rabbits, and chipmunks. The most common domestic animals reported to have rabies are dogs, cats, cattle, horses. mules, sheep, goats, and swine. It is possible for rabies to be transmitted if infective saliva enters a scratch or fresh break in the skin.The development of the disease in a bitten person can be prevented by immediate and proper treatment, Once symptoms of rabies develop, death is virtually certain to result. indeed prevention of this disease is of the utmost importance.Local port authorities shoul d be informed of possible rabid animals, so that appropriate public health measures can be instituted.TreatmentAs soon as an individual aboard ship Is known to have been bitten by a dog or other possibly rabid animal, RADIO MEDICAL ADVICE should he obtained at once. Usually suspected cases are sent ashore to obtain the expert treatmentand nursing care needed to prevent the disease.Immediate local care should be given. Vigorous treatment to remove rabies virus from the bites or other exposures to the animals saliva may be as important as specific anti-rabies treatment. Free bleeding from the wound should be encouraged. Other local care should constitute ofs thorough irrigation of the wounds with soap or detergent water solution s cleansing with antiseptic solutions if recommended by radio, giving an antibiotic to prevent infection s administering adsorbed tetanus toxoid, if indicated.s Suturing of bite wounds should be avoided.PreventionWhen abroad, seamen should keep away from warm -blooded animals especially cats, dogs. and other carnivores. It is strongly advised that pets should not be carried on board ship as these may become infected unnoticed, through contact with rabid animals in ports.111112THE SHIP CAPTAINS MEDICAL GUIDEScarlet feverFrench ScarlatineGerman ScharlachItalian ScarlattinaSpanish EscarlatinaIncubation Period 1 to 3 daysPeriod of communicability 3 daysIsolation Period 14 days in untreated cases, 1 to 2 days if given antibiotics. Quarantine Period NoneScarlet fever is not often contracted by adults. It has features similar to those of measles and German measles see the table of differences of symptoms.The onset is generally sudden and the temperature may rapidly rise to 39.5 to 40C on the first day. With the fever the other main early symptom is a sore throat, which in most cases is very severe. The skin is hot and burning to the touch. The rash appears on the second day and consists of tiny bright red spots so close together that the skin a ssumes a scarlet or boiled lobster-like colour. It usually appears first on the neck, very rapidly spreads to the upper part of the chest and then to the rest of the body. There may be an area around the mouth which is clear of the rash.The tongue at first is covered with white fur and, when this goes, it becomes a very bright red (strawberry). The high fever usually lasts about a week. As the rash fades the skin peels in neb patches. The danger of scarlet fever arises from the complications associated with it, e.g. inflammation of the kidneys (test the urine for protein once a day), inflammation of the ear due to the spread of infection from the throat, rheumatism and heart disease. These complications can be avoided by careful treatment.General treatmentThe patient must stay in bed and be kept as quiet as possible. The patient can be given paracetamol to relieve the pain in the throat which may also be helped if he takes plenty of cold drinks. He can take such food as he wishes.S pecific treatmentAs scarlet fever usually follows from a sore throat or tonsillitis you may already be giving him the relevant treatment. Otherwise give the specific treatment for tonsillitis.Tetanus lockjawFrench TetanosGerman WundstarrkrampfItalian TetanoSpanish TetanosIncubation Period 4 to 21 daysPeriod of communicability No person to person transmissionIsolation Period NoneQuarantine Period NoneTetanus is caused by the infection of a wound by the tetanus bacterium which secretes a powerful poison (toxin). This bacterium is very widespread in nature and the source of the wound infection may not always be easy to trace. Puncture wounds are particularly credible to be dangerous and overlooked as a point of entry. In the UK immunisation against the disease usually begins in childhood but it is necessary to have further periodic inoculations to maintain effective immunity. luckily the disease is a very rare condition on board ship. The first signs of the disease may be spasms or s tiffening of the jaw muscles and, sometimes, other muscles of the face leading to difficulty in opening the mouth and swallowing. The spasms tend to become more frequent and spread to the neck and back causing the patients body to become arched.The patient remains fully conscious during the spasms which are extremely painful and brought on by external stimulus such as touch, noise or bright light. The patient is progressively exhausted until heart and lung failure prove fatal. Alternatively, the contractions may become less frequent and the patient recovers, but there is a high mortality.TreatmentThe patient should be isolated in a darkened room as far as possible from all disturbances. Get RADIO MEDICAL ADVICE. Give antibiotic treatment and give diazepam or chlorpromazine as sedation and to control spasms. The patient must be got to hospital as soon as possible.Chapter 6 COMMUNICABLE DISEASESTuberculosis TB, consumptIonFrench TuberculoseGerman Tuberkulose Italian TuberculosisSpani sh TuberculosisIncubation Period 4 to 12 weeksPeriod of communicability indefinite, 2 weeks after antibiotics Isolation Period depends on the degree of infection, rarely necessary Quarantine Period NoneThis infectious disease is caused by the note bacillus. Although the lung (pulmonary) disease is the most common, TB bacteria may attack other tissues in the body bones. joints. glands, or kidneys. Unlike most communicable diseases, tuberculosis usually takes a considerable time to develop, often appearing only after repeated, close, and prolonged exposures to a patient with the prompt disease. A healthy body is usually able to control the tubercle bacilli unless the invasion is overwhelming or resistance is low because of chronic alcoholism, poor nutrition, or some other weakening condition.The pulmonary form of the disease is spread most often by coughing and sneezing. A person may have tuberculosis for a long time before it is detected. Symptoms may consist of nothing more than a persistent cough, slight loss of weight, night sweats, and a continual all-in or tired-out feeling that persists when there is no good reason for it. More definitive signs pointing to tuberculosis are a cough that persists for more than a month, raising sputum with each cough. persistent or recurring pains in the chest, and afternoon rises in temperature. When he reaches a convenient port, a seaman with one or more of these warning signs should see a physician.TreatmentEvery effort should be made to prevent anyone who has active tuberculosisfrom going to sea. since this would present a risk to the crews health as well as the individuals. The treatment of tuberculosis by medication will not usually be started at sea, since the disease does not constitute an emergency.To prevent the spread of tuberculosis, every patient with a cough, irrespective of its cause, should hold disposable tissues over his mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing and place the used tissues in a paper bag, which should be disposed of by burning. The medical attendant should follow good nursing isolation techniques (see Isolation Chapter 3). No special precautions are necessary for handling the patients bedclothes, eating utensils, and personal clothing.Tuberculosis controlA tuberculosis control programme has three objectives (I) to keep individuals with the disease from signing on as crew-members (2) to locate those who may have developed the disease while aboard ship and initiate treatment and (3) to give preventive treatment to persons at high risk of developing the active disease. The first objective can be achieved by periodic, thorough physiologic examinations including chest X-rays and bacteriological examination of sputum. To identify those who might have developed active tuberculosis, a chest X-ray should be taken and a medical evaluation including bacteriological examination of sputum quest when in port, if a crew-member develops symptoms of a chest cold that persist for mo re than two weeks.Also, when any active disease is discovered, survey should be made of close associates of the patient and others in prolonged contact with him. such(prenominal) persons are regarded as contacts and are considered at risk from the disease they should be given a tuberculin test and chest X-ray when next in port. If they develop symptoms, full medical examination, including bacteriological examination of sputum, should be requested.113114THE SHIP CAPTAINS MEDICAL GUIDETyphus feverFrench Typhus exanthAematiqueItalian Tifo petecchialeGerman FlecktyphusSpanish Tifus petequialIncubation Period 6 to 15 days, usually 12Period of communicability Not directly transmissible from person to person Isolation Period not required after de-lousingQuarantine Period 14 daysThis disease should not be confused with typhoid fever. Typhus is caused by a small bacterium. The disease is conveyed by lice, fleas, ticks and mites. Treatment for the various types of typhus is the same and the s ymptoms are very similar. The main typhi are epidemic (from lice) and murine, or ship typhus, (from rat fleas).Symptoms and signsOnset is sudden with headache, vomiting, shivering and nausea. The temperature rapidly rises and may reach 40.0C to 40.6C. The patient suffers great prostration, and may be delirious or confused.About the fifth day a rash appears on the front of the body, spreading to the back and limbs in the form of dusky red spots which give the skin a blotchy appearance. The disease if untreated lasts about two weeks. With tick or mite borne typhus there is usually a punched out blue ulcer (eschar) which corresponds to the site of attachment.TreatmentIn the case of louse-borne typhus isolate the patient at once. render and clothing of the patient and close contacts should be treated with a residualinsecticide. The patient should receive Doxycycline until his temperature settles plus one day. The response is normally prompt.Whooping cough pertussisFrench CoquelucheGe rman Keuchhusten Italian PertosseSpanish Tos FerinaIncubation Period 7 to 10 days, rarely exceeding 14 daysPeriod of communicability 21 days, normally no more than 5 days after antibiotics Isolation Period 5 days after antibioticsQuarantine Period NoneThis disease occurs among unvaccinated children unvaccinated adults may contract it. The disease in adults has no typical features.Symptoms and signsThe onset occurs as a severe cough which after about 7 to 10 days is marked by a typical whoop, with or without vomiting. The whoop is caused by a convulsive series of coughs reaching a point where the patient must take a breath. It is this noisy indrawing of breath which produces the whoop. The coughing bouts may be very distressing.TreatmentGive erythromycin for 5 days. This is unlikely to affect the course of the disease unless given very early, but it will reduce the infectiousness of the patient. In children, during the bouts of coughing, feeding may induce vomiting. It is best, there fore, to give light food in between the coughing bout and to keep the child quiet in bed.Chapter 6 COMMUNICABLE DISEASESYellow feverFrench Fivre jauneGerman GelbfieberItalian Febbra giallaSpanish Fiebra amarillaIncubation Period 3 to 6 daysPeriod of communicability 6 daysIsolation Period 12 days only if stegomyia mosquitoes are present in the port or on board Quarantine Period 6 daysThis is a serious and often fatal disease which is caused by a virus transmitted to humans by a mosquito. The disease is endemic in Africa from coast to coast between the south of the Sahara and Kenya, and in parts of the Central and Southern Americas.PreventionTravellers to these areas should be inoculated against the disease. Many countries require a valid International Certificate of yellow fever inoculation for those who are going to, or have been in or passed through, such areas. See also the note on prevention of mosquito bites in the section dealing with malaria.Features of the diseaseThe severity of the disease differs between patients. In general, from 3 to 6 days after being bitten the patient fluctuates between being shivery and being over hot. He may have a fever as high as 41C, headache, backache and severe nausea and tenderness in the pit of the stomach. He may seem to get slightly better but then, usually about the fourth day, he becomes very weak and produces vomit tinged with bile and blood (the so-called black vomit). The stomach pains increase and the bowels are constipated. The faeces, if any, are coloured black by digested blood. The eyes become yellow (jaundice) and the mind may wander. After the fifth or sixth day the symptoms may subside and the temperature may fall. The pulse can drop from about 120 per minute to 40 or 50. This period is critical leading to recovery or death.Increasing jaundice and very scanty, or lack of, urine are unfavourable signs. Protein in the urine occurs soon after the start of the illness and the urine should be tested for it.Gene ral treatmentThe patient must go to bed and stay in a room free from mosquitoes. The patient must be encouraged to drink as much as possible, fruit juices are recommended.115