Pearl Harbor Essay

Picture yourself as a crew member on one of the naval ships in Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1944 before complete destruction began. It’s a perfectly calm Sunday; everyone’s going about their own duties in a peaceful manner. Suddenly in the sky dozens of fighter pilots zoom overhead. Crew members have zero time to react to the planes as they begin to fire and drop bombs in the harbor. The initial surprise and confusion of the attack prevents any actions of defense. This attack on Pearl Harbor and all the pain and panic it caused for the US, will forever be remember as one of peril and devastation. In the 1940’s war erupted in Europe and parts of Asia. The US had initially planned to stay out of the war as long as they possibly could. America’s economy was weak from WWI efforts and Americans weren’t looking to get involved right away (Bachrach, Deborah, 12). Instead the US took a more safe approach by aiding Allied powers in Europe with weapons, ammunition and overall supplies. When US became aware that Japan had joined Hitler and the Axis powers they immediately ended trade and blocked many of their trading routes (Encyclopedia WWII, 81-82). While taking action overseas America still had no intent of joining the war and encouraged non-violence (Rosenberg, About. com). Even though the US only did what they thought was necessary because of recent Japanese actions. The Japanese didn’t feel the same way as they did. Aggravated Japanese military officials began a plot to attack the US. It took months for the Japanese to decide on their plan and where they would attack. Japan and Admiral Yamamoto Isuroku decided on a surprise attack that consisted of a very organized sneaky approach (82-84). Isuroku the man in-charge of planning pleaded with Japanese officials for weeks. Convincing them that retaliation was needed. When approved planning began (84). They planned to sneak; 6 aircraft carriers, 9 destroyers, 2 battleships, 3 cruisers, and 2 submarines across the Pacific. (Bachrach, Deborah Pearl Harbor, 35). Their destination would be Pearl Harbor and they planned to station within about 90 minutes of Oahu (pearlharbor. org). Once in position for attack the Japanese Planned to release 3 waves of attacks on the Harbor. Main targets for destruction were the naval aircraft carriers, next were the battleships and airfields (on the day aircraft carriers were out at sea). The real-time attack would be under the command of Admiral Naguma (Encyclopedia WWII, 86). Even though Japan thought there plan was flawless. They nearly avoided many speed bumps. Around the time of tensions between the US and Japan the US had created a secret message interceptor. Which if not terminated would have most-likely prepared the US for the attack. Because of paranoia of war the US terminated the interceptor program. These actions further helping the Japanese keep their attack a secret and undetected (pearlharbor. org). The first wave of attacks began at 7:48 a. . Hawaiian time consisting of 183 aircrafts (all sources). Thirty minutes before attack Japan claims they sent a message stating that peace negotiations were over between the two countries (Rosenberg, about. com/Pearl Harbor). Loses for the US were much worse during the first than second because of surprise. Two-thirds of losses came from the first wave. The fighter planes bombed all 8 battleships in the harbor. They also blew up all airfields in the area giving the US no air defense for 2nd wave (erikanderson. net/pearlharbor). The USS Arizona was blown up into flames and was sunk other ships were damaged none as bad as the Arizona. Despite complete surprise brave crew members on ships managed to get on guns and take down several planes flying overhead (Encyclopedia, 87). The most destruction to the ships in the harbor came from the suicide fighter pilots. Most intended for the USS Arizona. The USS Arizona also accounted for more than half of the casualties in both waves because of the 2,000 plus people on board (Encyclopedia WWII, 88). The destruction the first wave did was devastating and had the island in panic. After the attack people in Oahu still didn’t understand what exactly had happened (all sources). Many men and women were immediately rushed to the hospital. Of the American fatalities, nearly half of the totals were due to the explosion of the USS Arizona (88). At 8:00 am Admiral Husband W Kimmel sent out an emergency dispatch that the US was under attack by the Japanese (pearlharbor. org). The second wave which didn’t come long after the first ended started at 8:54 am. In an attempt to cripple the US naval fleet even more, the Japanese sent 170 more planes toward Oahu (pearlharbor. rg). This attack was sent to finish off whatever was still floating in the Harbor. Even though the 2nd wave didn’t do nearly as much damage as the first, it still managed to do a surplus amount of extra damage (ph. org). The second wave was divided into three groups. One was tasked to attack Kaneohe, the rest Pearl Harbor proper. The separate sections arrived at the attack point almos t simultaneously from several directions (Encyclopedia WWII, 90). Despite this low alert status, many American military personnel responded effectively during the battle. The crew members of ships and pilots on land all made efforts to make a difference during the second wave. They managed to kill sixty men and capture one. Even though the American death toll was much greater the response they made was very impressive while dealing with complete and utter surprise. Ninety minutes after it began, the attack was over (Rosenberg, About. com). The attack was over, but much was loss and damaged and many left wounded. After the fact 2,386 Americans died and 1,139 left wounded. Also 50 – 60 civilians were killed from anti-aircraft shells landing in populated areas. Eighteen ships were sunk or beached, including five battleships and one blown up (the USS Arizona) (Pearlharbor. org). Battleships damaged; the Arizona exploded, Oklahoma was capsized along with 429 people dead, West Virginia was sunk along with 106 dead, California was sunk along with 100 dead, Nevada was beached along with 60 dead, Tennessee was hit by two bombs but remained afloat along with 5 dead, Maryland hit by 2 bombs remained afloat along with 4 dead, and The Pennsylvania hit by one bomb remained afloat with 9 dead (Bachrach, Pearl harbor, 36-38). Also 178 aircrafts were destroyed in the bombing of the airfields (WWII encyclopedia, 89). Ten days after the attack Admiral Husband W. Kimmel was relieved of his duty as Commander of the naval fleet in Oahu. The reason was, because government officials believed that Kimmel didn’t take the right actions in preparing for upcoming attacks. He later went to testify against explaining that enough information was not presented to him to make the right calls (90). After all the death and destruction the US realized that they had many chances to prevent the attack from becoming. For example, Kimmel knew that an attack was evident just not where the attack would be at. Despite his knowledge of that he still let the day be a relaxed Sunday instead of having men station prepared for attack. Also the government and high officials didn’t take enough initiative in the fact that they and seriously angered the Japanese with their recent actions (erikandeson. net/pearlharbor). More or less the attack could have been defended or much rather stopped if initiative had been taken at the time. The day was a terrible day in American history and is the biggest death toll on American soil by foreign attack in that time period (Bachrach, Deborah, Pearl Harbor, 45). As said by Franklin Delanor Roosevelt, â€Å"a date which will live in infamy – the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan. †(All sources) Ultimately the attack at Pearl Harbor was one of tragedy and unwelcoming surprise. Since the attack there have been only a few events in American history that have cause as much panic and despair. As a matter of fact to this day is known as one of the worse attacks on American soil by a foreign enemy, which pulled an unwilling nation into unwanted war. Even though the Japanese succeeded with their plan at Pearl Harbor, the response from the US was much greater than they expected. Their plans to cripple the US Naval fleet ended the war for them very disturbingly. In all the hate this event caused in the end it pulled America in to do the war and out of the great depression. All the men who lost their lives in this attack died an honorable death. December 7, 1944 is a day will live in infamy.

Drug Addiction and Time Essay

I believe that I am an addict, I made a lot of bad decisions in my life. But the worst was my decision to start using drugs. From the day that I started using to now I have loved it. And at times I would do just about anything to get it, I have done just about everything except sell my body. I stole from the people I love to get what I needed. Using drugs went from only on the weekends, to a couple times a week, to everyday. The worst part is, is I didn’t see that it was consuming so much of my life. There came a point where just smoking weed wasn’t enough anymore, and that’s when i should have walked away. I was 16 when I did heroin the first time. But it wasn’t until a year later when I started shooting up. My best friend and I did everything together and this was no different. We were hooked, she more than I, our lives revolved around getting high. I remember the days we couldn’t get it, she would shake and cry because her body ached for it so bad. I hated seeing her sick, all I could do nothing to help her. It was the worst thing that I have ever seen. When I could I would get her what she needed. We spent our summer days inside. Most of the time we were so high that we couldn’t move, but to us that was the best part of the day. At that moment we could finally just close our eyes and breathe. Looking back now the worst part for me is that I helped my best friend kill herself. I provided her with the drug that was sucking her dry. At that point in time I thought I was helping her. We have always depended on each other but this time we depended on something else. We both are not using heroin anymore, and have come out on the other side of that addiction. We both know that if it were placed in front of us we could not say no. Addiction has taken a lot from me. I have lost the trust of my Parents and my freedom I ounce had. My best friend and I can not hangout outside of school, were just not good for each other to be around. But most of all I lost respect for myself.

Easy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Easy - Assignment Example Pizza Hut also offers nutritious menu like their Caesar Salad which has lettuce and herbed croutons. And I discovered that the ambiance depends upon the preference of the customers; if he wanted warm, then Pizza Hut is the best choice and if he wanted cool and light, then its Burger King. And I could say that indeed the crew in Pizza Hut is the best, because they even serve you in your table, unlike the self-service orientation of Burger King. With respect to price, indeed Pizza Hut is pricy. If I don’t want to feel guilty to myself, I prefer either Burger King’s Veggie Burger or Big Fish, which are nourishing. I really feel good in the Burger King’s Whopper and paired with their Oreo Sundae Shake-Chocolate. For fun with friends, I prefer Pizza Hut’s pizzas and drinks. I agree with the person #1 that McDonalds open early to cater breakfast. I would like to suggest that fast food chains should start offering nutritious menus like fish, vegetables and fruits. In person #2, I wonder if the vegetables and fruits of their salads and shakes in McDonalds are loaded with chemicals from pesticides and fertilizers. McDonalds can do better if they use organic fertilizer for their lettuce, tomatoes and other fruits. In person #3, I agree with his idea of McDonald’s ads promotion. I agree also with what he said that McDonalds and Burger King had the same pricing. However, I say, McDonalds has nutritious burgers too, like their

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Research Paper - 1

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder - Research Paper Example The article highlights various studies that are being carried out to recognize the conditions and also the means adopted to deal with ADHD cases. Introduction Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder popularly called as ADHD, is a developmental, neurobiological state characterized by the existence of strict and persistent signs of inattentiveness, hyperactivity and impetuosity (American Psychiatric Association (APA), 1994). A child displaying symptoms of ADHD portray the high level of distraction, impulsive temperament and hyperactivity behavior. This is well documented between the age of 6 months to 7 years (APA, 1994). There is a behavior difference prevalent between the ADHD and normal individual. In case of ADHD individuals, a very short span of attention is observed, they are less attentive and distract very easily. They are therefore not able to focus on their work for a given length of time instead they display hyperactivity or disruptive temperament. The child also shows prop ensity of doing work without thinking which may fetch danger for the child. Moreover such children get frustrated very easily and show short temperament, such children lack concentration in the class and therefore show poor academic performance. In sports they display impatience and cannot wait for their turn and never go with the rules rather they have their own ways. Such children are more prone to the injuries and accidents (ADHD). ADHD individuals display co-morbid issues as around 30-50% individuals have oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) as well as they display conduct disorder (CD) as well as 20-30% ADHD cases show signs of anxiety while 11 to 22% ADHD individuals display bipolar disorder (Biederman, 1991). Neuro-imaging of ADHD cases display diminished prefrontal cortex thereby they lack in executing prefrontal functions and therefore they have reduced operational memory (Hill, 2002). Schachar et al, (2000) defined ADHD as "a disorder of dysregulation of thoughts and action s associated with poor inhibitory control. The incidence of ADHD is more prevalent in boys as compared to girls. It shows the sign of inheritance as it runs in family (ADHD). ADHD individuals display incapability in their reading, writing and mathematical skills. On the other hand if ADHD is associated with CD then the condition may worsen further as the issues are not confined to academics, instead they are associated with offending or disposition of criminal temperament (Daley, 2010) . According to Daley et al, (2010), there exists a correlation between academic performance as well as executive functioning. Children with ADHD along with poor EFs display poor performance in their academics in contrast to the children with ADHD and adequate executive functioning. When the results were compared with controls then poor EF does not found any co-relation with the academic accomplishments, suggesting that prevailing symptoms of ADHD and essential cognitive shortfalls and not co-morbid be havior predicaments are responsible for academic mutilation. Academic intervention suggests that academic performance does not appear to be associated to co-morbid behavior

Wall Street Journal #1 Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Wall Street Journal #1 - Article Example tributed to the lack of a master plan as well as disjointed plans and the different forms of mixed-use developments in Mexico City are new to the area and have brought a lot of demand from the upper-middle class particularly the ones with young families due to their collection of retail, cultural attractions and offices (Whelan). Developers have taken the vacant land in the area and closed industrial sites so that they can be abele to develop sites, and this has increased the population of the city without considering the breadth of the streets to accommodate the increased flow of traffic, the electrical systems as well as the capacity of the water in the area. It is easier to get a permit for development in Mexico City than it is in New York City, and this is the main cause of the exponential growth that has brought problems as far as water and power are concerned. The city has had to put a hold on the permitting process and consequently start an overhaul of the entire process so that it can be able to check and plan for the development that is taking place. This has lead to many developers that had already procured land for the construction having to wait a little longer until the process is reviewed making them delay on huge

The constitutional jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice is a Essay

The constitutional jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice is a paradigm of judicial Activism. Discuss in relation to Art. 234 EC - Essay Example , the judicial activism of the European Court of Justice has been one of the most intriguing aspects of the evolving legal and judicial framework in Europe, because it â€Å"appoints the European Court as meeting place between the legal order of the Community and those of its member states.†3 It has in fact, represented the driving force of European integration through the fashioning of a constitutional framework for a federal type of structure within the European Union.4 The legislative process within the European Union has often been characterized by inertia, as a result of which the ECJ has had to exercise judicial creativity, to address the gap between voter wishes and political decisions which is not well defined in the European Community as it is in a democracy.5 In the context of Article 234 of the EC Treaty that places the European Court of Justice in the role of interpreter of the aims and objectives of the Treaty, creative European jurisprudence has often required that the ECJ not send away an individual litigant or a national Judge without an answer, in order to avoid denial of justice. As a result, this has often required creative judicial interpretation that has caused it to be accused of judicial activism.6 The Court has adopted the teleological method in its approach to judicial interpretation, wherein a rule is interpreted by taking into account the purpose of the rule and the aim and objective it seeks to accomplish, as stated in the case of CIFLIT, â€Å"every provision of Community law must be placed in its context and interpreted in the light of the provisions of E.C. law as a whole, regard being had to the objectives thereof and to its state of evolution at the date on which the provision in question is to be applied.†7 The factor that will determine when judicial activity strays into the field of judicial activism is determined by the extent to which the judicial function strays into the political realm. The European Court of Justice has

Hebrews essay 3 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hebrews 3 - Essay Example Priesthood is relevant to a better covenant and a better relationship with God. Jesus brought forth a new covenant doing away with the old covenant. From doing so, Hebrews believe that they will have a stellar relationship with God by following Jesus & his new covenant (Douglas 48). The belief regarding Hebrews believing that following Jesus as the new covenant will lead to a better working relationship with God and fellow men. As such, it is only with probable cause that the author explains how such a faith in Jesus shows his authority and superiority. Upon believing in the new covenant, a Hebrew believes there is no need for the old covenant. Not only religion-wise but also custom wise where traditional practices in the old covenant like circumcision, various rituals, festivals & Sabbaths were refused hence spiritually held no merit. Christianity circumnavigates around the fact that Jesus is their true path to God. The title that Jesus holds as the high priest clothed with holiness, blamelessness, pure and holy constitutes the major requirements that a Christian needs. Notably so, Christians to accept Jesus and follow his ways shows his superiority as a leader & figurehead in the church (Douglas 48). Clergymen in the Old Testament had to create sin forfeit every day, displaying that the ultimate remedy had not arrived yet. The arrival of Jesus Christ was so efficient relevant to meeting the requirements of the church. The arrival of Jesus ensured that the church implemented policies that only glorified God and that idol worship was refused and rebuked. In order to fully implement this, Jesus gave instructions to the Levitical priests to offer sacrifices & offerings to God as a sign of worshiping him. As a sign of portraying the significance of offering sacrifices to God, Jesus offered himself as a sign of obedience to God & sacrificing himself for his people. He offered

THE FACE OF GOVERMENT Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

THE FACE OF GOVERMENT - Coursework Example In America, you can be considered to be living below the poverty line and still have your basic needs taken care of. So how we define poverty in America is important to consider also. Also, we should consider that not everyone is going to spend the money they get from welfare wisely. The money could be used on things like drugs or alcohol instead of on things that will improve that person’s overall quality of life. So I believe that in order to fix the poverty problem we need to fix the unemployment problem. I hope that Social Security and Medicare will be around when it is my turn to collect but I am also not getting my hopes up. Recently the government came out with a report that projected that the Medicare trust fund for hospital care will be insolvent by 2024 and the Social Security fund will be insolvent by 2036 (â€Å"Social Security..†) There are a few things that are responsible for this: the ratio of those putting money in to Social Security to those collecting is shrinking, the rising expense of healthcare costs, our recent economic problems, and government spending. You would think that if a person is putting money into Social Security and Medicare all their lives they would easily have enough money to live on when they retire, which is why I feel that our Social Security and Medicare problems are mostly the result of mismanagement of taxpayer money and out-of-control spending by the

Consumer behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Consumer behaviour - Essay Example Discussions about external variables pointed to Wyld’s (2010) assertions that these are the general economic climate, technology, government and competition as factors affecting customers’ decision at the various stages. Scheiltz (2010) suggested other external factors such as the cultural, group and social values that sway the decision process of consumers. Decision process is defined as identification of needs, collecting of information, evaluation of alternatives, then finally going into a purchasing decision. (Chapter 6 Class Notes, n.d.) I. How do marketers persuade consumers using external variables? a. Economy The economy is the first factor considered as an external variable affecting consumers. The recent economic crisis is an external variable that affected consumers’ behavior in many states of US and in Europe, and many others. On the other hand, economy has been favorable to the emerging countries in Asia. The shrinking economy encourages shifts in bu yer demographics and the way products are used such that consumers may alter their purchasing decisions, how they perceive value and where they purchase the product. Market report of Bharatbook.com (2010) said that in Netherlands, consumers’ decisions are today influenced by the price sensitivity, value consciousness and attitudes towards private labels as about three quarters of its consumers suffered the recession in 2009. In the said market report, Dutch consumers reconsider their spending including decisions on where and when to shop; and that changes shown is that now, Dutch consumers are buying labeled products because they think they save more money in the long run. This is also true in the car landscape wherein the economic crisis has changed car-buying process of consumers. To help dealers determine changes of consumer buying process, Dealer Communications reported on a conducted a research to know the present motivations of car buyers; to know if there are opportuni ties still open for car dealers and manufacturers, and if so, how will they adjust. In issues how the products are challenged showed the way Apple has transformed how music is bought and played thru the introduction of iPod. (Wyld, 2010) Marketers also use the power of globalization to reach more and more country markets. Recent developments of off-shore business, in particular, the emerging economies of Brazil, Russia, India, Indonesia and China have encouraged multi-national companies to spread their business in these countries. Because of the improved purchasing power of consumers in these emerging countries, marketers find globalization as a driver of change in industries as motor vehicles, cell phones and credit cards (Wyld, 2010). b. Technology. One of the driving forces that encourage consumers’ buying decisions is the use of technology. It is observed that there is a growing acceptance of internet shopping, SNS websites and the constant growing series of internet appl ications. It is now easy for the company to sell products to customers using online technology, to work with suppliers and supply chain. However, because becoming an on-line seller is an easy process in the internet, this variable increases rivalry and competition among seller. An example of a successful on-line ordering system is being done by Wal-Mart stores that make shopping easy for busy people (Wal-Mart, n.d.) c. Competition An attractive market encourages competition to enter the industry. Most

Pilchard Impact and Requirement Essay Example for Free

Pilchard Impact and Requirement Essay Pilchard or sardines are groups of small fishes which belong to the herring family. They are caught almost throughout the year especially in the night. Pilchards are rich in minerals and they are usually consumed in different ways. They are also referred to as low-value pelagic species. Pilchard and Tuna The introduction of tuna farming had a major impact on pilchard hunting simply because it was found to be a major source of food for the tuna. This resulted in an increase emphasis on pilchard research and farming. Pilchards are mostly used to feed carnivorous fishes such as tuna, trout and salmon. Pilchard farming requires marine scalefish fishers, not targeted for recreational purposes, provides feeds for predator species such as salmon, and tuna, fishing methods (use of small mesh and fishing done by night), and pilchard farming done in temperate waters. Pilchard farming is of great economic importance. About 20 pounds of pilchard is required to produce a pound of tuna, indicating a resource-intensive form of producing tuna and depleting the stock of small fishes. This will ultimately disrupt the aquatic ecosystem in that it will not only affect the fishes alone but marine mammals and seabirds directly or indirectly. Some documentation about the introduction of viral infection into the aquatic ecosystem has been documented. Several factors such as ecological integrity, social justice and status of the pilchard population must be maintained. Pilchard and Dolphins Dolphin swim license is indirectly related to pilchard in that pilchard is not farm for ecological purpose, and dolphin only feeds on them as an opportunistic predator. Dolphin feeding on pilchard will cause a major and drastic decrease in their population and subsequently leading to enormous financial loss. Conclusion Considering the immediate need for tuna fishes and the relationship between the fish and pilchard, the tuna license should be granted while licensing dolphin swim should not be allowed because of it the negative impact on the aquatic ecosystem, and associated financial loss. References Lopez, D. (2005). â€Å"Interaction between bottlenose dolphins and fish farms: could there be an economic impact†. Retrieved May 23, 2009 from http://www. thebdri. com/resources/downloads/ICES2005X10. pdf PIRSA Fisheries, (2009). â€Å"Sardine (Pilchard) fishery†. Commercial fishing Retrieved May 23, 2009 from http://www. pir. sa. gov. au/fisheries/commercial_fishing/sardine_pilchard_fishery Primary industries and resources, (2009). â€Å"Ecological assessment of the south Australian pilchard fishery†. South Australian fisheries management series. Retrieved May 22, 2009 from http://www. pir. sa. gov. au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/12858/sa_pilchard_submission. pdf Stuart, N. (2001). â€Å"Tuna farmers face fresh challenges†. Landline Retrieved May 23, 2009 from http://www. abc. net. au/landline/stories/s363097. htm

Case Summary On The Effects Of Unstable Angina Nursing Essay

Case Summary On The Effects Of Unstable Angina Nursing Essay Mr AR is a 41 years old male. His calculated BMI was 20.9kg/m2. His presenting complaint was chest pain which has lasted for three days before being admitted into the hospital. His chest pain was of pressing type, it occurred even at rest and lasted for 5-10 minutes each time. It was relieved slightly by rest and it was always accompanied by numbness on his left hand. He had shortness of breath, orthopnea, headache and low effort tolerance. He complained of abdominal discomfort also. He had stopped taking all his medications for the past three days. He had a pacemaker fixed 16 years ago for his atrial fibrillation (AF), but the pacemaker stopped functioning 3 years ago. Due to financial constraint, he did not go for a new pacemaker replacement. He underwent an angiogram last year and was found that he has 2 blocked vessels. He has a history of hypertension too. Before being admitted into the hospital, he has been taking frusemide 40mg twice daily, hydrochlorothiazide 25mg once daily, perindopril 8mg once a day and amlodipine 10mg once a day for his hypertension. For his AF, he has been taking warfarin 5mg once daily and digoxin 125microgram once daily. In addition, he took simvastatin 40mg at night for the prevention of cardiovascular events. Mr AR was found to have poor compliance. He always missed the dose, took the medications at the wrong time and was unsure the reason behind taking all his medications. He was first admitted to the acute and emergency department. ECG was carried out and there was no ST-elevation. His blood pressure was found to be high, 172/126mmHg. No troponin test was done on Mr AR, the only available test results on cardiac enzymes were that of creatine kinase (CK), aspartate amino transferase (AST) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). All three were not elevated. Hence, he was diagnosed with unstable angina, gastritis and hypertensive urgency. He was given nifedipine 10mg, aspirin 300mg, Sublingual GTN and plavix 300mg in the acute and emergency department. His management plans were to monitor his vital signs every hourly for two hours followed by every two hourly and to carry out dextrostix test three times daily. He was given 60mg enoxaparin subcutaneously immediately and twice daily thereafter, intravenous ranitidine 50mg three times daily, sublingual glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) one tablet when required and IV frusemide 20mg twice daily. He was restricted to fliud intake of 800mL per day and started on fliud input and output monitoring. He will also be started on low salt diet for the management of his hypertension. On day 2, he no longer complained of chest pain. His potassium level was found to be slightly lower than normal range (3.3mmol/L). His BP was still high throughout the day, fluctuating at around 150/120mmHg. He was started on tablet clopidogrel 75mg once daily. On day 3, IV frusemide was changed to oral frusemide. On day 4 his blood pressure has already dropped to around 120/90 mmHg. He was planned for discharge and enoxaparin was to be stopped on that day. Disease overview and pharmacological basis of drug therapy Mr AR was diagnosed with 3 diseases. Only unstable angina will be discussed. Unstable angina (UA) is categorized under acute coronary syndrome (ACS) which is very common in the UK. According to the hospital episode statistic year 2002-2003, there were 83842 cases of UA in England and 4421 cases in Wales.1 UA happened when there is insufficient myocardial oxygen supply to meet the oxygen demand of the heart. The reduction in the oxygen supply is due to the disruption of artherosclerotic plaque, causing the formation of intracoronary thrombus and hence narrowing of artery. Abnormal vasospasm of the coronary arteries or coronary dissection may also lead to UA. UA is closely related to non-ST elevated myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) as they have the same pathogenesis and both are presented as chest pain. The only difference between them is that in NSTEMI, there is a rise in the cardiac biomarkers such as cardiac troponin or the MB isoenzyme of creatine phospokinase (CK-MB), which indicate s myocardial injury. In UA, the ischemia is not severe enough to cause damage to the myocardial cells and thus releasing these biomarkers in detectible amount. For the diagnosis of unstable, the patients history of anginal symptoms should be obtained. Physical examination like cardiac examination and vital signs monitoring may also be done. Patient with ongoing chest discomfort should have a 12-lead ECG performed within 10 minutes of onset to check if there is any ST-elevation or depression. If there is no ST elevation, STEMI will be ruled out and the level of serum cardiac biomarkers will be used to determine if the patient has UA or NSTEMI. Troponin I or T are normally the biomarker chosen for detecting myocardial cell death as it is detectable in the serum 3-6 hours after a myocardial infarction and remained raised for 14 days. If the serum troponin level is less than 0.01 Ã‚ ­g/L, then the patient will be diagnosed to have unstable angina. CK-MB may also be used when troponin test is not available. In Mr AR case, the results on the cardiac enzymes available, namely AST, CK and LDH are all non specific cardiac biomarkers as those enzy mes can also be elevated in skeletal muscle injury or liver disease. The treatment of UA can be divided into emergency treatment and secondary prevention treatment.2,3 Patients must rest in bed and ECG monitoring should be continued during the early phase of hospital stay. Sublingual glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) tablet or spray should be given for the relief of angina symptoms. GTN is a fast acting coronary vasodilators. Dilatation of veins going to the heart reduces ventricular volume and preload, while dilatation of systemic conductive arteries together with the decrease in ventricular volume causes a reduction in afterload. These effects will all reduce the myocardial oxygen demand.4 GTN also found to dilate collateral vessels, thus the areas of ischemia will receive a higher blood flow. If the chest pain is not relieved by GTN, intravenous morphine sulphate can be given to ensure patient comfort. Patient with ongoing chest pain or high risk patients should be given inravenous beta-blockers followed by oral route if there is no contraindication. Inter mediate or low risk patients can be given oral beta-blockers. If beta-blocker is contraindicated such as the in presence of uncontrolled heart failure, or the chest pain is not relieved by GTN and beta-blocker, nondihydropyridine calcium channel blocker can be given. Antiplatelet therapy should be given immediately by giving aspirin 300mg initially, followed by 75mg once daily for long term secondary prevention. In addition, clopidogrel 300mg should be given initially and 75mg daily thereafter for 3 months. Aspirin works by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase (COX) 1 enzyme on the platelet, thus preventing the production of thromboxane which stimulates platelet aggregation.5 Clopidogrel is an antiplatelet which acts by inhibiting adenosine diphosphate (ADP) from binding to its receptor, hence blocking the activation of ADP-mediated glycoprotein GPIIb/IIIa complex, a step involved in aggregation of platelets.6 Unfractionated heparin (UH) or low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) is an important antithrombotic agent in the management of UA. LMWH is normally preferred over UH as it can be given subcutaneously and no coagulation monitoring is needed. LMWH like enoxaparin should be given for 2-8 days. Heparin binds to antithrombin and the complex formed deacti vates a series of enzymes involved in the coagulation process. Thus thrombus formation will be inhibited.7 Patients with high risk of MI or death should also be given glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonist such as eptifibatide, tirofiban or abciximab. For the secondary prevention treatment, in addition to aspirin and clopidogrel, beta-blockers should be continued indefinitely. Statins can be started regardless of the patients cholesterol level for the preventing cardiovascular events. Statins are 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, which act by inhibiting the biosynthesis of cholesterol.8 Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are useful in patients with UA also. They work by inhibiting the production of angiotensin II which is a potent vasoconstrictor and reducing the breakdown of bradykinin which is a potent vasodilator.9 Evidence for the treatment of the conditions When the patient was admitted to the acute and emergency department, he was given clopidogrel 300mg, aspirin 300mg immediately and was then continued with long term treatment of 75mg of clopidogrel. The use of clopidogrel for the long term treatment of unstable angina was supported by two large trials. First, the CAPRIE trial which compare the beneficial effect of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at high risk of ischaemic event.10 In this trial, patients were either given 75mg clopidogrel once daily or 325mg of aspirin once daily. The clopidogrel group has a marginally lower risk of ischaemic stroke, myocardial infarction, or vascular death (5.32%) compared to the aspirin group (5.83%). The side effects reported were similar in both groups, indicating that clopidogrel has a comparable safety profile to that of aspirin. The second trial is the CURE Trial which investigate the beneficial effect of adding clopidogrel to aspirin therapy in patients with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome.11 In this trial, 12,562 patients were given either 300 mg clopidogrel innitially, then 75 mg once daily or placebo plus aspirin for 3 months to a year. It was found that there was a lower rate of death from cardiovascular causes, nonfatal MI or stroke in the clopidogrel group. However, the risk of major bleeding was significantly higher in clopidogrel group. Hence, it can be concluded that long term clopidogrel should be used in patients with acute coronary syndrome in addition to aspirin. In addition, according to a meta-analysis done by the Antithrombotic Trialists Collaboration, long term treatment of aspirin in the range of 75-150mg was found to be beneficial in patients with acute coronary syndrome. In cases where antithrombotic effect is needed immediately such as during acute attack of MI or UA, aspirin at a dose of 300mg should be given.12 In Mr AR case, only 300mg of aspirin was given in the acute and emergency department, no long term treatment of aspirin was given. This might be due to his newly diagnosed gastritis. NSAIDs were found to cause or worsen gastritis.13 According to the AHA/ACC guideline, clopidogrel will be the alternative for patients intolerant to aspirin due to gastrointestinal problems. According to a study done by Harker LA et al. where the tolerability and side effects of aspirin and clopidogrel were compared using the results from the CAPRIE trial, it was found that the group of patients receiving clopidogrel has a lower percentage of gas trointestinal side effects, with a rate 27.1% compared to 29.8% in those taking aspirin (p < 0.001).14 This finding support the reason behind clopidogrel being the only antiplatelet given to Mr AR. However, The difference in the incidence of side effects between the two treatment group was small and higher rate of occurrence of gastrointestinal problem in aspirin group might be due to the high dose of aspirin used (325mg). The policy of the ACC/AHA guideline of using clopidogrel instead of aspirin in patient with a history of GI complication was also refuted by Chan and colleagues.15 In this study, 320 patients who had recovered from aspirin-induced upper GI bleeding were given either 75 mg of clopidogrel daily or 80 mg of aspirin daily together 20mg of proton-pump inhibitor esomeprazole twice daily. When the patients were followed up after one year, it was found that patients in the aspirin group has a lower rate of recurrent upper GI bleeding compared to those receiving clopidogrel plus esomeprazole (8.6% versus 0.7%, P=0.001). No protective effect was conferred by esomeprazole in aspirin-induced lower GI bleeding. Hence, low dose aspirin is still deemed appropriate in Mr ARs case if given with a proton pump inhibitor or H2-antagonist like ranitidine. On day 1 Mr AR was given 60mg of enoxaparin immediately and twice daily thereafter. A comparison between the efficacy of UH and LMWH was carried out in the ESSENCE trial.16 In this trial, patients were allocated either subcutaneous enoxaparin plus placebo bolus and infusion or bolus and infusion unfractionated heparin plus placebo subcutaneous injection. In addition, they were all given oral aspirin. It was found that the enoxaparin group has a lower rate of recurrent angina, MI or death and also the need of revascularization process. Hence it was concluded that enoxaparin is more advantageous than UH, as there is little protein binding, longer plasma half life and more resistant to neutralisation by platelet factor IV as compared to UH. The dose given to Mr AR is justified according to a trial where the dose of enoxaparin was adjusted according to the weight of the patients. 17 It was found that giving 1mg/kg of enoxaparin to patients with UA or non-Q wave MI resulted in a lower ris k of major bleeding compared to giving a dose of 1.25mg/kg (6.5% versus 1.9%). Mr ARs weight was 59kg, thus a dose of 60mg is appropriate and evidence based. Sublingual GTN was given to Mr AR for the relief of his chest pain. According to the British Medical Journal evidence centre, no good evidence was found on the angina. There is one randomized placebo controlled study done by Karlberg et al. where they compared the effectiveness of intravenous GTN versus placebo in reducing ischaemic attack in unstable angina.18 In this trial, they found that patients given GTN have a fewer new onset of chest pain compared to placebo group. No trial was done to investigate the effectiveness of sublingual GTN in preventing ischaemic attack. However, according to a methodological study done by G Nyberg to determine the time of onset of sublingual GTN, it was found there was a significant reduction in the intensity of exercise induced chest pain and an improvement in the ST-depression when 0.5mg of GTN was given sublingually at the onset of chest pain.19 Hence, there is a consensus that sublingual GTN can be used for symptomatic control of unstable angin a. Mr ARs previous medications were continued during the hospital stay. Among those medications, perindopril, an ace-inhibitor, is also proved to be beneficial in the prevention of MI. There are two well known studies done on the effect of ace-inhibitors in preventing cardiovascular event in patients with cardiovascular disease, namely the HOPE trial and the EUROPA trial.20,21 In the HOPE trial, ramipril was chosen as the treatment drug. As for the EUROPA trial, perindopril was chosen to investigate if there is any beneficial effect in preventing MI, cardiac arrest or mortality in patients with stable coronary disease. It was found out that in the group of patients receiving perindopril, there was a 20% relative risk reduction in the primary end point as compared to the placebo group. Hence, it was concluded that perindopril should be given to all patients with coronary heart disease, including Mr AR who has unstable angina. In addition, Mr AR was continued with 40mg simvastatin once daily at night. According to a trial on simvastatin, it was found that giving simvastatin to high risk patients lowers their cholesterol level and reduces the incidence of cardiovascular events.22 In this trial, 20536 adults in the UK with high risk of getting cardiovascular event were given simavastatin 40mg daily or placebo. It was found that the simvastatin group has a lower percentage of all cause of death (12.9%) and major vascular event (19.8%) compared to the placebo group (14.7% and 25.2% respectively). There was a difference of about 1.0mmol/L in the LDL cholesterol level between the two groups after treatment regardless of the initial cholesterol level. This indicates that there is a reduction in the LDL cholesterol level in the simvastatin group which is independent on the initial cholesterol level. For patient given simvastatin, the risk reduction of the first major vascular event is similar no matter the patient s were taking ace inhibitors, aspirin, beta blockers or antihypertensive drugs or not. This shows that simvastatin provides additional benefits when added to the existing treatment with these drugs. Thus, it can be concluded that simvastatin will be beneficial to Mr AR who was taking ace inhibitor and antihypertensive drugs concurrently. Mr Ar was newly diagnosed with gastritis and was commenced on IV ranitidine. In a double blind clinical study, patients diagnosed with gastritis were given 300mg ranitidine daily for 4 weeks or placebo only.23 It was found that patients from the ranitidine group improved significantly faster than the placebo group and 80% of the patients had their symptoms completely resolved. Only 45% of the patients from placebo group achieved improvement in their symptoms while the remaining showed no change in their gastritis. Hence, it was concluded that ranitidine is an effective treatment option for gastritis. However, this trial only involved 52 patients and this small sample size renders the finding from trial inconclusive. In another trial where the effectiveness of ranitidine and sucrafate was compared, it was found out that both have a similar activity in relieving the symptoms of gastritis.24 77.6% of the patients receiving sucralfate and 79.4% from the ranitidine group had their symptom s completely resolved at the end of the study period (8 weeks). However, ranitidine was found to act faster in relieving pain compared to sucralfate. Hence, it can be concluded that the management of Mr ARs gastritis with ranitidine is justified. Mr AR was given nifedipine 10mg for the treatment of his hypertensive urgency. Even though nifedipine was found to be effective in reducing blood pressure within 20 minutes, this fast release, short-acting calcium channel blocker are not recommended in this case as Mr AR did not receive any beta-blocker before. According to the results obtained from the Holland Interuniversity Nifedipine/metoprolol Trial (HINT), monotherapy with nifedipine in patients with unstable angina naà ¯ve to beta blockers was associated with a higher risk of recurrence ischaemic attack or MI.25 The event rate ratio compared to placebo for beta blocker naà ¯ve, nifedipine only group was 1.15. As for the group receiving both nifedipine and metoprolol, the ratio was lower (0.80). Patients who were already receiving beta blockers and were added with nifedipine also showed lower rate ratio (0.68). Hence, it was concluded that nifedipine was only beneficial in patients who were treated with beta blocker at the sa me time. Moreover, it was found from the Trent study that nifedipine does not show any beneficial effect in patients with MI.26 In this trial, the death rate for patients receiving nifedipine 10mg four times daily and placebo was similar. When the number of death and MI were compared among patients taking beta blocker and not taking beta blocker among admission, it was found that the latter group has a higher rate of death and MI. This result is comparable to those from the HINT trial. Hence, the use of nifedipine in treating Mr ARs hypertensive urgency is not justified, other drug should be chosen. Conclusion The immediate treatment of UA with high dose of antiplatelet agent aspirin and clopidogrel together with the antithrombotic agent LMWH are justified as they help preventing the progression of UA to MI. Sublingual GTN on the other hand helps relieving his chest pain. As for his previous perindopril and simvastatin that were continued, these help in preventing recurrent angina also. Choosing clopidogrel for the long term prevention treatment of UA due to the presence of gastritis might not be the best option for Mr AR. Once his gastritis has resolved, life-long aspirin at the dose of 75mg should be added in with oral ranitidine 300mg twice daily prescribed as prophylaxis against NSAID induced gastritis. However, the use of nifedipine in the management of his hypertensive urgency is not justified. Instead, he should be given labetalol, atenolol or clonidine which were found to be better alternatives to nifedipine in treating hypertensive urgency.27 PATIENT MEDICATION PROFILE Patient details Name: AG Consultant: General Practitioner: Address: Gender: Male Weight: 59kg Height: 168cm Community pharmacist: Age: 41 Known sensitivities: NKDA Social history: Non-smoker, No alcohol abuse. Patient hospital stay Reason for admission Admission date: Chest pain. Discharge date: Relevant medical history Relevant drug history Date Problem description Medication Comments 1994 Pacemaker fixed Warfarin 5mg OD Atrial fibrillation 2007 Pacemaker not functioning, did not go for replacement due to financial constraint T digoxin 125mcg OD Atrial fibrillation 2007 Angiogram, 2 blocked vessels T frusemide 40mg BD Hypertension Hypertension Perindropil (coversylƒ’) 8mg OD Hypertension T amlodipine 10mg OD Hypertension Hydrochlorthiazide 25mg OD Hypertension T simvastatin 40mg ON Prevention of cardiovascular event Prescribed medication Route of administration Start Stop Nifedipine (adalat) 10mg PO Day 1 Aspirin 300mg PO Day 1 Day 1 Clopidogrel (plavixƒ’) 300mg PO Day 1 Day 1 Clopidogrel (plavixƒ’) 75mg OD PO Day 2 Enoxaparin (Clexaneƒ’) 60mg stat, BD subcutaneous Day 1 GTN 1 tablet PRN sublingual Day 1 Simvastatin 40mg ON PO Day 1 Amlodipine 10mg OD PO Day 1 Hydrochlorothiazide 25mg OD PO Day 1 Warfarin 5mg OD PO Day 1 Furosemide (Lasix) 40mg stat, BD IV Day 1 Day 3 Furosemide 40mg BD PO Day 3 Perindopril (Coversylƒ’) 8mg OD PO Day 1 Ranitidine (zantac) 50mg tds IV Day 1 Digoxin 125mcg OD PO Day 1 Clinical/ Laboratory Tests Date Results Potasium (3.5-5.0 mmol/L) Day 2 3.3 BP Day 2 150/118 Day 3 134/100 Day 4 122/86 Pharmaceutical Care Plan Care Issue Action Actual output/ Desired output Long term treatment with aspirin. Patient should be given 75mg of aspirin for the secondary prevention of UA. Patient has gastritis. He should be started on long term treatment of aspirin once his gastritis has resolved and ranitidine should be prescribed as prophylaxis against NSAIDs induced GI complications. Long term treatment with beta blockers. Beta blocker should be given to the patient as the secondary prevention treatment. Patient should be started on labetalol 100mg twice daily and titrate up to 200mg twice daily. Inappropriate use of nifedipine for the management of hypertensive urgency. Nifedipine should be substituted with labetalol 200-300mg every 3-4 hours when required. Not taken. Interaction between digoxin and diuretics when hypokalaemia occur. Potasium level should be monitored. Inform the patient on signs and symptoms of digoxin toxicity. Patients potassium level was lower than the normal range on day 2. He should be given potassium sparing diuretics or potassium supplement if the potassium level keeps going down. Monitoring should be continued. High risk of bleeding due to warfarin, aspirin, clopidogrel and enoxaparin. Bleeding tendency should be monitored. Patient should be told to inform the GP if there is any unusual bleeding like blood in the stool. Patients INR and prothrombin time were within the normal range. Monitoring was continued. Changing of IV ranitidine to oral ranitidine. Patient should be switched to oral ranitidine150mg twice daily after being discharged. Not taken. GTN for relief of angina symptoms. Patient should be prescribed GTN spray or sublingual tablet for the relief of chest pain shoul the patient has another angina attack. GTN sublingual tablet was prescribed as discharge medication. Poor patient compliance Patient should be informed on the reason behind taking his medication, the importance of compliance. Compliance aid should be given. Patient was counselled on the importance of compliance. Side effects of simvastatin -muscular side effects -liver disease Patient should be advised to report immediately any unexplained muscle pain, weakness nor tenderness. Regular LFT monitoring should be done. No monitoring of cholesterol level. Cholesterol level should be monitored suring the hospital stay so that the dosage of simvastatin can be adjusted accordingly. Cholesterol level should be maintained below 5.2mmol/L. Patient education on healthy lifestyle. Patient should be told on the importance of low salt diet for his HT and encouraged to exercise more. Patient was counselled on the importance of healthy lifestyle before being discharged.

Awareness in Boys and Girls by Alice Munro Essay example -- Boys and G

When children are faced with emotional events that challenge their ideas, they take another step on the road to being â€Å"grown up† as they discover their identity. The short story â€Å"Boys and Girls† written by Alice Munro illustrates this coming of age by allowing us to follow the development of a young girl. We follow the main character, who narrates the story, as she changes from beginning to end. As the story opens, the narrator acts like a care free child, not paying heed to her gender. She then begins to react strongly to the way she is treated by her family and their expectations of her young womanhood. Once she realizes that some changes are inevitable she begins to adopt a new understanding of who she is which is evidence of a more mature way of thinking. This story demonstrates that difficult childhood experiences regarding gender contribute to a developing maturity and are frequently met with varying degrees of resistance. In the early parts of the story, the narrator behaves in a way that would be expected of a young child. She, along with her younger brother, finds Henry Bailey (the family’s hired hand) to be quite amusing in his antics. She states that â€Å"we admired [Henry] for [his] performance and for his ability to make his stomach growl at will, and for his laughter, which was full of high whistling and gurgling and involved the whole faulty machinery of his chest†(101). Being afraid of the dark is another experience that she and her brother share, and they fabricate rules that â€Å"When the light was on, [they] were safe as long as [they] did not step off the square of worn carpet which defined [their] bedroom-space† (101). Children that are of a young age will often make up stories that reflect their s... ... let Flora run free, he â€Å"[speaks] with resignation, even good humour, the words which absolved and dismissed [her] for good. ‘She’s only a girl’ † (114) to which she states â€Å"I didn’t protest that, even in my heart. Maybe it was true† (114). It is not an easy task for a child to understand the obligations that accompany their assigned gender, yet while they encounter difficulties processing these thoughts they are also achieving a greater sense of identity. Different stages of life consist of social rules that encode how one is to behave, however, it is not clearly defined when the transition should occur from young girl to young woman. It is not surprising that learning about gender roles and their associated responsibilities is not an easy part of a young child’s maturation and is often the result of a very emotionally charged collection of experiences.

What Caused The Downfall of Sparta? :: Ancient Greece Greek History

What Caused The Downfall of Sparta? Hypothesis: Sparta collapsed because they did not allow the helots to fight in battle The Beginning of Sparta In about 100 BCE, the Dorians invaded Greece from the North. During the Dark Ages, the Dorians made their way south, capturing the inhabitants of the lands they passed through as helots. At the beginning of the Dark Ages, it is thought that there were many Dorian settlements in Laconia, each with their own helot population. At some time during the Dark Ages, Sparta overtook these fellow Dorian settlements and their helot populations, as well as control of the whole of Laconia. The Spartans kept the helots as a huge, strong slave race and, although they did not enslave their fellow Dorians, the other Dorians were made perioci, meaning "those who live round about". The perioci were needed to be the craftsmen, tradesmen and manufacturers for the Spartans, who were trained as full time soldiers. At the end of the Dark Ages, there was nothing exceptional about Sparta (except her control of the helot population) but from about the middle of the 6th Century BCE, Sparta gradually turned away from the rest of Greece. They no longer welcomed visitors, cut their trade ties, stopped building ships and when the rest of Greece began using coins instead of iron spits, Sparta continued to use the spits. Sparta still had poetry and music, but instead of listening to new poems and songs, they learned only the compositions of the past, and new poets and musicians were not welcomed. Sparta still produced pottery and metal work for every-day use, but it was of poorer quality than the work of other cities. Spartans no longer participated in athletic festivals in other parts of Greece and the whole city became secretive and withdrawn, refusing to communicate with the rest of Greece. Education The Spartans were raised and educated to be perfectly obedient and obey the state without question. Spartan education had no interest with literature, intellectual or academic activities and did Spartans were not taught subjects like mathematics, science or geography. Even as babies, Spartiates were treated harshly - they were made to eat whatever food they were given, left alone, left alone in the dark, and it is probable that no attention was paid to babies when they cried. A Spartan Boy's education as a soldier began when the boy was about 7 or 8 years old. What Caused The Downfall of Sparta? :: Ancient Greece Greek History What Caused The Downfall of Sparta? Hypothesis: Sparta collapsed because they did not allow the helots to fight in battle The Beginning of Sparta In about 100 BCE, the Dorians invaded Greece from the North. During the Dark Ages, the Dorians made their way south, capturing the inhabitants of the lands they passed through as helots. At the beginning of the Dark Ages, it is thought that there were many Dorian settlements in Laconia, each with their own helot population. At some time during the Dark Ages, Sparta overtook these fellow Dorian settlements and their helot populations, as well as control of the whole of Laconia. The Spartans kept the helots as a huge, strong slave race and, although they did not enslave their fellow Dorians, the other Dorians were made perioci, meaning "those who live round about". The perioci were needed to be the craftsmen, tradesmen and manufacturers for the Spartans, who were trained as full time soldiers. At the end of the Dark Ages, there was nothing exceptional about Sparta (except her control of the helot population) but from about the middle of the 6th Century BCE, Sparta gradually turned away from the rest of Greece. They no longer welcomed visitors, cut their trade ties, stopped building ships and when the rest of Greece began using coins instead of iron spits, Sparta continued to use the spits. Sparta still had poetry and music, but instead of listening to new poems and songs, they learned only the compositions of the past, and new poets and musicians were not welcomed. Sparta still produced pottery and metal work for every-day use, but it was of poorer quality than the work of other cities. Spartans no longer participated in athletic festivals in other parts of Greece and the whole city became secretive and withdrawn, refusing to communicate with the rest of Greece. Education The Spartans were raised and educated to be perfectly obedient and obey the state without question. Spartan education had no interest with literature, intellectual or academic activities and did Spartans were not taught subjects like mathematics, science or geography. Even as babies, Spartiates were treated harshly - they were made to eat whatever food they were given, left alone, left alone in the dark, and it is probable that no attention was paid to babies when they cried. A Spartan Boy's education as a soldier began when the boy was about 7 or 8 years old.

Essay --

1) Content ïÆ'Ëœ Noor-Arfa website is the website that gives the information about their company business detail. This website provide a full information about the type of batik that they produce, the price, the design that the company have and how the customer need to do to make a deal with them. The information that they give in this website is accurate and up to date information because they want the people that want to buy their product get the right and useful information. The purpose of this website is to give the easier way to the customer to make a purchasing and to make an order. The button of this website is well arrange and organized. The button has their own function and users or customers just need to click the right button to get the information. They have provided the button that tells users about their company background, about their products and how to contact them. 2) Design and aesthetics ïÆ'Ëœ This website only use some combination of colour like red, purple, black, white and grey because almost of their product and picture use this colour only. They don't overdo the colour, as it can distract from the written content. The most easily read combination is white text on a black and purple background. Use fonts that are easy to read and are found on most of today's computer systems. Font size for paragraph text is between 10 and 12 pts. For the graphic, this website only uses some important graphic that related to their business only like the graphic for the product and their services. This is as a simple way to increase visual appeal. High quality product images are especially important for online retailers. They Keep it their website simple and allow for adequate white space. Uncluttered layouts allow viewers to f... ... website, it appears in two languages. Users can choose whether they want to play it in Malay language or English language. It can give advantage to the users that cannot master in English language to get the information in this website when they use the Malay. 12) Contact addresses and user support (Address/phone/email is readily accessible for feedback or questions by the users) ïÆ'Ëœ To ensure the quality of the website is secure, and they fulfil all the users need, the website must give the quick respond to the every single things asked by customers. They must provide the way to the users to contact them or how to make the orders. For the Noor-arfa.com website, for me, this website is slow in give the respond to their users because they not provide the email address and their phone numbers in this website. Moreover, this website is not update from time to time. Essay -- 1) Content ïÆ'Ëœ Noor-Arfa website is the website that gives the information about their company business detail. This website provide a full information about the type of batik that they produce, the price, the design that the company have and how the customer need to do to make a deal with them. The information that they give in this website is accurate and up to date information because they want the people that want to buy their product get the right and useful information. The purpose of this website is to give the easier way to the customer to make a purchasing and to make an order. The button of this website is well arrange and organized. The button has their own function and users or customers just need to click the right button to get the information. They have provided the button that tells users about their company background, about their products and how to contact them. 2) Design and aesthetics ïÆ'Ëœ This website only use some combination of colour like red, purple, black, white and grey because almost of their product and picture use this colour only. They don't overdo the colour, as it can distract from the written content. The most easily read combination is white text on a black and purple background. Use fonts that are easy to read and are found on most of today's computer systems. Font size for paragraph text is between 10 and 12 pts. For the graphic, this website only uses some important graphic that related to their business only like the graphic for the product and their services. This is as a simple way to increase visual appeal. High quality product images are especially important for online retailers. They Keep it their website simple and allow for adequate white space. Uncluttered layouts allow viewers to f... ... website, it appears in two languages. Users can choose whether they want to play it in Malay language or English language. It can give advantage to the users that cannot master in English language to get the information in this website when they use the Malay. 12) Contact addresses and user support (Address/phone/email is readily accessible for feedback or questions by the users) ïÆ'Ëœ To ensure the quality of the website is secure, and they fulfil all the users need, the website must give the quick respond to the every single things asked by customers. They must provide the way to the users to contact them or how to make the orders. For the Noor-arfa.com website, for me, this website is slow in give the respond to their users because they not provide the email address and their phone numbers in this website. Moreover, this website is not update from time to time.

Psychology Supervision Essay

  Ã‚   Culture basically means the pattern formed by the thoughts, actions, customs & traditions of humans living in an inter-related community, be it racial, ethnic, religious or social. It is based on the beliefs, values & behavior of the people involved. No matter where you are situated, around the world, culture plays the vital role in an individual’s social & vocational life. It is significant in every institution to practice cultural competency, which may help it to operate efficiently. â€Å"Cultural competence is a developmental process and may be viewed as a goal toward which agencies can strive.† (T. Cross et. al. as cited in University of Minnesota Duluth) Cross- culture environment in offices, educational institutes & etc. are not uncommon these days especially in well developed countries like America where the demographic rate comprises more of ethnic & racial minority groups. This fact ultimately poses a great challenge for all professional & educational organizations. Since it is not very easy, to create a healthy & happy environment among diverse groups. The reason for that are different beliefs & traditions of each group may not mix well with the other, hence, sprouting problems among colleagues. CULTURAL DISPARITY:    Cultural competency maybe defined as a combination of multiple thoughts, behaviors & personality traits belonging to a number of cross cultural members, however following the same patterns thus increasing the proficiency of an organization or group. The main issues that are faced often in cross cultural groups causing cultural disparity are the diverse ethnic & religious beliefs of its members. In educational institutes this problem is significantly in attendance, causing psychological differences among the students & even the teachers. The course outline may or may not reflect each individual’s values & beliefs, hence disturbing the social harmony. It is vital to form a non judgmental & respectful attitude in the organization in order to achieve harmony.   Ã‚   Racial, ethnic & even gender bias is present in every society & institution. Many a times the female students face difficulties in accomplishing their goals & presenting their thoughts on various women related issues due to strong opposition from the male members of the group. It is a dilemma not just present in our society but around the globe that men are considered to be the highest decree of human race & women are believed as their contrary. This contemplation creates a rift among the male & female members of any group. The same goes with ethnic minorities who face criticism on their appearance & different accent making them feel isolated & disparaged from the society.    When dealing with multicultural clients, it often trigger discrepancies among the worker & the client as a result of contrasting opinions due to miscellany in areas like religion, culture, race, gender, family backgrounds & ethics. The reasons for these disagreements are usually the rejection of one’s expectations, therefore resulting in the failure of venture. Learning from one’s past mistakes is the best way to improve. Helping & respecting each other will result in a constructive outcome. The educational institutes should take care in designing a study course, so that it suits to every individual’s mind no matter which culture he or she belongs to. Cultural knowledge s should be a part of studies so that students may learn about different values & customs & learn to respect them.    Being multilingual, having different skin color or following a diverse religion does not make an individual different from others. Being a human being, it is the responsibility of every person to respect & support each other. This approach will surely create an amicable environment in work places, educational institutes etc. every organization should have some ethical code regarding minority groups, but not to make them feel segregated or disparate from their colleagues. Dealing with multi cultural clients involve tact & proper accord of their priorities & decisions. Culture plays an essential role in developing one’s mind & thought pattern. Revolutionizing the behaviors & policies of employees will help create cultural competence successfully.

Repressive Patriarchs of Jane Eyre

â€Å"The men in the novel are all repressive patriarchs. For them, male supremacy must be absolute. † In the light of this comment, discuss Bronte’s presentation of male characters in ‘Jane Eyre’. Throughout the novel of Jane Eyre, there seems to be a common sense of patriarchal dominance, as possessed by the male characters. Bronte shows male supremacy through four key characters that Jane encounters throughout her life. Each character differs hugely, though this sense of a higher and more powerful individual, over Jane, remains prevalent in each – they are all repressive patriarchs in some way, though of varying magnitudes.The Victorian society was a completely different society to the one we live in now and it was well-known to be male-dominated and one in which women had almost no rights at all. The fact that Bronte wrote Jane Eyre during this period in time is clearly reflected in the male characters in the novel. It is evident that Bronte hers elf may have experienced or been put in some of the situations that she portrays Jane to be in by some oppressive male character in her own life.Nevertheless, it is seen that these characters do change as the novel progresses as Bronte seems to give them a chance to withdraw themselves as a repressive force, and show a little more consideration and compassion towards others and women in particular. John Reed is the first of Bronte’s repressive patriarchs in the novel. He is placed at the beginning of the novel and is introduced to us almost immediately. He is in fact the very first oppressive force to Jane in her life and in this way is very significant.At first, John does not seem to be a huge threat to Jane, merely branding her a â€Å"bad animal† and a â€Å"rat†. This juvenile name-calling behaviour, as expressed by John, is still oppressive in that he uses these names to assert a higher power over Jane, subsequent to pronouncing all the books in the house a s his property. He reminds Jane that she is in a highly precarious position in society and that she has no class due to the fact that she is living with them. She is classified as â€Å"less than a servant† according to him because she does â€Å"nothing for [her] keep†.John taunts Jane proclaiming that she â€Å"ought to beg† to even live. He continuously reminds Jane that she is a â€Å"dependent†; somewhat indicating that she is dependent on him due to the fact that he is the only male in the household, and therefore the master by birth. Furthermore, John demands obedience of Jane, even though he is only but four years older than her. He exercises what he feels is his power as a male over her physically, as can be seen when he hits Jane with a book as the â€Å"volume was flung†.This physical abuse is indicative of Bronte expressing that John Reed believes that male supremacy must be absolute. The regularity of his bullying as a demand for obedi ence of Jane, not â€Å"once or twice in a day, but continually† is also characteristic of a repressive patriarch who would feel more secure in continuous rather than periodic abuse. John Reed’s appearance may even be said to be one of a typical oppressive male character. Being â€Å"large and stout† with â€Å"heavy limbs and large extremities† indicate that he is quite a large boy for his age and automatically an intimidating individual.His actions towards Jane are also somewhat animalistic such as â€Å"thrusting out his tongue at [her] as far as he could without damaging the roots†, suggesting his belief in a primal sense of alpha male dominance over a shrewdness of apes. He is quite grotesque as well and he does not just exert his power over Jane, but he â€Å"twisted the necks of the pigeons, [and] killed the little pea-chicks. † It is clear that Bronte is extremely disgusted with his manner of indulging in animal cruelty as a means to show his masculinity.John is also disagreeable towards his mother and acts without respect towards her, emphasising his belief that he is of a higher status than all women, not just Jane. He â€Å"called his mother ‘old girl’ too; sometimes reviled her for her dark skin, similar to his own; bluntly disregarded her wishes, [and] not infrequently tore and spoiled her silk attire. † These aspects of John Reed, with no doubt, express Bronte’s strong feelings about the fact that all men thought that they were superior to a woman. Her disapproval and abhorrence of male supremacy is clear. Mr Brocklehurst is the second tormenting force that Jane is exposed to in her life.He differs to John Reed in the fact that whilst John Reed is a form of physical oppression towards Jane, Brocklehurst is a form of religious oppression. Nevertheless, both of the two characters are similar in appearance as can be seen by Bronte’s description of them, reinforcing this idea that male characters of oppression have a certain appearance to express their power. When Jane first meets Brocklehurst, the first description she ever gives him is one with negative connotations – â€Å"a black pillar† that was â€Å"standing erect on the rug; the grim face at the top was like a carved mask, placed above the shaft by way of capital. Immediately we are given the sense that he is an imposing and unbending character who is just plain frightening, especially to a young Jane. Brocklehurst seems to be a gothic villain in a sense and as a â€Å"stony stranger†, the sibilance emphasises the fact that he is extremely unapproachable, hard and unforgiving. Bronte also gives Brocklehurst a â€Å"bass voice† which emphasises his masculinity, as well as large features that are â€Å"harsh and prim† to highlight his unyielding disposition.We soon find out that Brocklehurst is in fact a religious hypocrite who uses religion as a vehicle for his repressive force that he exerts on the pupils at his school. However, we are not on first introduction immediately shown his hypocrisy by Bronte until a little later in the novel when Jane is at his school. Upon Jane and Brocklehurst’s first meeting, he pointedly asks Jane if she should like to â€Å"fall into that pit [full of fire] and be burning there for ever†. In an oppressive manner, Brocklehurst uses these implications of hell as such to scare and terrify Jane into obedience.If we read into Brocklehurst’s language, his hypocrisy is revealed to us. He states to Jane that she would burn in hell â€Å"for ever. † The fact that he says â€Å"for ever† is key in that he particularly twists the Christian ideas. When he mentions hell to Jane he ignores a key Christian idea that you may be saved from hell in an effort to frighten her into submission. Brocklehurst does not know for a fact that Jane will go to hell, but he is threatening her with the idea of hell, as he does with all the girls at Lowood School. Bronte writes the first conversation between Brocklehurst in a way that puts our sympathies, as a reader, with Jane. You must pray to God to change it: to give you a new and clean one: to take away your heart of stone and give you a heart of flesh† was the advice given to Jane by Brocklehurst – this is ironic in that Brocklehurst is described by Bronte as being â€Å"stony† himself, emphasising Bronte’s effort to sway the audience’s opinions to side with Jane. At Lowood, Brocklehurst firmly preaches the idea that God wants women to devote themselves to domesticity in order to please Him. He states that â€Å"humility is a Christian grace and one peculiarly appropriate to the pupils of Lowood† and that he brings the girls up in a way so as to cultivate this.Brocklehurst reveals his own hypocrisy and effectively shoots himself in the foot and shows that he clearly does not practice what he preaches with his own children when he tells the story of his daughter Augusta and her trip to Lowood. Augusta comments on â€Å"how quiet and plain all the girls at Lowood look†, â€Å"almost like poor people’s children†, in comparison to herself in a â€Å"silk gown. † Augusta and her sisters also actually arrive at Lowood, as seen by Jane, in velvet shawls, ostrich plume and such.In this way, Bronte shows her belief that Brocklehurst is all that is wrong with the males of Victorian society as well as many of the rich people who also state that â€Å"consistency, is the first of Christian duties†, without fully committing and believing in what they say themselves. Brocklehurst is in fact an extremely inconsistent person in his day to day life. Mr Brocklehurst is a representation of what Bronte believes is wrong with society and its males with regards to religious oppression, as John Reed is a representation of her beliefs with regard to m ales in society with regards to physical oppression.In a stark contrast to Mr Brocklehurst is St John Rivers, who is in fact a non-stereotypical patriarch. He is a contrast to Brocklehurst because he firmly does not believe that women like Jane should dedicate and devote themselves to domesticity but instead to God. Brocklehurst is also a hypocrite in this way as he should be preaching the idea of devotion to God but instead teaches his pupils to devote themselves to domesticity. However, there are also some ways in which St John is similar to Brocklehurst, and there is a key link between them in their ideologies.St John has extremely congruent ideologies; however he is not a hypocrite, unlike Brocklehurst. It is important to mention that St John is an aesthetic model, an extremely problematic one at that. He is constantly living for his ideals and with his perfectionist nature, these ideals are almost unattainable. He is deeply religious and self-sacrificing when it comes to fulfil ling his religious duties, and in this way, he tries forcefully to get Jane to comply with his approach to life and to go to India with him.To get her to come with him and marry him, he uses language such as â€Å"a part of me you must become†, asserting his authority and power as a male over her. He seems to be sacrificing of both Jane’s happiness and health for others, but he applies this to himself as well. St John attempts to dictate Jane’s life in that he seemingly wants her to reject his job offer as a school mistress for village children. He wants her to hold this job for a while but not permanently as he believes that she â€Å"cannot be content to pass [her] leisure in solitude, and to devote [her] working hours to a monotonous labour† in a place where her skills are made useless.He acknowledges that Jane is destined by God to do greater things, and though he may be wrong, he seems to be hinting to her this fact and that she is fit for a missiona ry’s wife, in what could be seen as a passive oppressive act. St John is also deeply unhappy with the fact that all Jane seems to want is a happy family life and would use all her money that she inherited to secure it. At Christmas, she is set on revelling in domesticity and St John is very much bothered and despairing of this and tries to convince her to become more like him, albeit in a repressive manner. I excuse you for the present: two months’ grace I allow you for the full enjoyment of your new position† – in this authoritative language St John displays that he does not want Jane to remain the position that she is in and to â€Å"begin to look beyond Moor House and Morton†¦ and the selfish calm and sensual comfort of civilised affluence. † He wants Jane to sacrifice herself to God and I believe that in this way St John is more dangerous than Brocklehurst because he can is oppressive with reason, and he is not a hypocrite and willing to do all he preaches.I have decided to leave discussion of Mr Rochester to the end as I believe that he is by far the most complicated of the male characters throughout the novel, due to the fact that he undergoes a change in which he becomes less of a repressive patriarch and therefore a more suitable husband for Jane. The character at the beginning of the novel is vastly different to the Rochester that we see at the end, in more ways than one. However, the change in his oppressive nature towards Jane is especially significant. Jane did meet Rochester by chance, but even though he did not know who she was, he was still oppressive and authoritative towards her.He commands her to lead him his horse and when she is unable, he states that â€Å"necessity compels [him] to make [her] useful†, laying a heavy hand on her shoulder which is a significant action that demonstrates his sense of authority. This attitude becomes less apparent as he gets to know her though further into their re lationship, this dominant side of him reappears as he seemingly tries to force her to stay with him, though deep down he knows he cannot keep her. Jane feels that she is equal to Rochester as he is the first male not to out rightly exercise and force his patriarchal dominance over her.Jane is comfortable to speak out and give her opinion directly, though this is only after he asks. She pointedly states that she does not think that he has â€Å"a right to command [her] merely because [he] is older that her† and in this way she has stated that the fact that he is male also does not play a part, though she does not actually say this. However, as their relationship progresses, this equality is warped and some of it is lost as Rochester seemingly becomes more desperate to have Jane for himself. This gradual increase in commands directed at Jane can be seen when Jane asks to leave him to see Mrs Reed.He commands her to â€Å"promise [him] one thing†, that being â€Å"not to advertise: and to trust this quest of a situation to me. I’ll find you one in time. † His desperation for her to come back as soon as possible is evident in the fact that he orders her not to advertise so that she will definitely come back to him. When Jane tries to leave Rochester for good, upon finding out that he does indeed have a wife, in the form of Bertha Mason, Rochester threatens violence in order to get her to stay. He is desperate to get through to her and to convince her to stay and it is interesting that he seems to want to resort to this.The fact that he threatens this shows us that he is at an end and this is what a male character would do in order to get someone to comply with their wishes. Rochester is interesting in that he does try to give Jane a lot of freedom as a woman to do as she wishes, and is comfortable being an equal with her, but when it comes down to it, he always finally resorts to his dominance as a male. Jane, however, does finally retu rn to Rochester at the end of the novel. She makes her way back to Thornfield only to find it burned to the ground and she seeks out Rochester whom she finds disabled following the great fire started by Bertha.This loss of an arm and his sight his key to making Rochester a suitable husband for Jane. The disability means that Rochester is now physically an equal to Jane, and does not have to suppress his opinions and will never have the opportunity to be dominant over her any more. Before he was disabled, Rochester never exercised his power over Jane, out of choice, this disability means that even if he wanted and chose to utilise his male dominance over her, he cannot. The fact that Bronte decides to take away from Rochester so that he becomes less oppressive is interesting.She seems to be giving Jane a chance to have power in the Victorian society that she lives in, possibly reflecting a wish for herself as a woman. Not all the male characters of Jane Eyre are always patriarchal an d some, like Rochester, choose not to exercise their power over the woman. It is important to note that all the characters do it in different ways: physical, religious and only in desperation. However, the distressing reality that Bronte is trying to express is that the majority of the men in society do believe in absolute male supremacy.Nevertheless, she does give the example of Mrs Reed as a female oppressor who demands submission of Jane as a child, and took revenge when not obeyed. I believe that Bronte wanted the male characters to be a strong repressive force so as to reflect her feelings of society and the imbalance between the males and females. It is possible that Bronte was trying to send a message to society through this novel in an effort to provoke a change in society, which would have been met with dispute from male readers and agreement from a female audience.

Primary and Secondary Data Essay

1. PRIMARY ANDSECONDARY DATA We explore the availability and use of data (primary and secondary) in the field of business research.Specifically, we examine an international sample of doctoral dissertations since 1998, categorizingresearch topics, data collection, and availability of data. Findings suggest that use of only primarydata pervades the discipline, despite strong methodological reasons to augment with secondary data. INTRODUCTION Data can be defined as the quantitative or qualitative values of a variable. Data is plural of datum which literally means to give or something given. Data is thought to be the lowest unit of information from which other measurements and analysis can be done. Data can be numbers, images, words, figures, facts or ideas. Data in itself cannot be understood and to get information from the data one must interpret it into meaningful information. There are various methods of interpreting data. Data sources are broadly classified into primary and secondary data.Knowing how the data was collected allows critics of a study to search for bias in how it wasconducted. A good study will welcome such scrutiny. Each type has its own weaknesses andstrengths. Primary Data is gathered by people who can focus directly on the purpose in mind.This helps ensure that questions are meaningful to the purpose but can introduce bias in thosesame questions. Secondary data doesnt have the privilege of this focus but is only susceptibleto bias introduced in the choice of what data to reuse. Stated another way, those who gatherPrimary Data get to write the questions. Those who gather secondary data get to pick thequestions. IMPORTANCE OF DATA AND DATA COLLECTION Data is one of the most important and vital aspect of any research studies. Researchers conducted in different fields of study can be different in methodology but every research is based on data which is analyzed and interpreted to get information. Data is the basic unit in statistical studies. Statistical information like census, population variables, health statistics, and road accidents records are all developed from data .Data is important in computer science. Numbers, images and figures in computer are all data . DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUES There are two sources of data collection techniques. Primary and Secondary data collection techniques, Primary data collection uses surveys, experiments or direct observations .Secondary data collection may be conducted by collecting information from a diverse source of documents or electronically stored information, census and market studies are examples of a common sources of secondary data. This is also referred to as â€Å"data mining.† PRIMARY DATA Primary data means original data that has been collected specially for the purpose in mind. It means someone collected the data from the original source first hand. Data collected this way is called primary data .Primary data has not been published yet and is more reliable, authentic and objective .Primary data has not been changed or altered by human beings; therefore its validity is greater than secondary data.The people who gather primary data may be an authorized organization, investigator, enumerator or they may be just someone with a clipboard. These people are acting as a witness so primary data is only considered as reliable as the people who gathered it. IMPORTANCE OF PRIMARY DATA Importance of Primary data cannot be neglected. A research can be conducted withoutsecondary data but a research based on only secondary data is least reliable and may havebiases because secondary data has already been manipulated by human beings. In statisticalsurveys it is necessary to get information from primary sources and work on primary data: forexample, the statistical records of female population in a country cannot be based onnewspaper, magazine and other printed sources. One such sourceis old and secondly theycontain limited information as well as they can be misleading and biased. Validity Validity is one of the major concerns in a research. Validity is the quality of a research thatmakes it trustworthy and scientific. Validity is the use of scientific methods in research tomake it logical and acceptable.Using primary data in research can improves the validity of research. First-hand informationobtained from a sample that is representative of the target population will yield data that willbe valid for the entire target population.AuthenticityAuthenticity is the genuineness of the research. Authenticity can be at stake if the researcherinvests personal biases or uses misleading information inthe research. Primary research tools data can become more authentic if the methods chosen to analyze and interpret data arevalid and reasonably suitable for the data type.Primary sources are more authentic because the facts have not been overdone. Primary sourcecan be less authentic if the source hides information or alters facts due to some personalreasons. There are methods that c an be employed to ensure factual yielding of data from thesource. Reliability Reliability is the certainty that the research is enough true to be trusted on. For example, if aresearch study concludes that junk food consumption does not increase the risk of cancer andheart diseases. This conclusion should have to be drawn from a sample whose size, samplingtechnique and variability is not questionable.Reliability improves with using primary data. In the similar research mentioned above if theresearcher uses experimental method and questionnaires the results will be highly reliable.On the other hand, if he relies on the data available in books and on internet he will collectinformation that does not represent the real facts. SOURCES OF PRIMARY DATA Sources for primary data are limited and at times it becomes difficult to obtain data fromprimary source because of either scarcity of population or lack of cooperation. Regardless ofany difficulty one can face in collecting primary data; it is the most authentic and reliabledata source. Following are some of the sources of primary data. Experiments Experiments require an artificial or natural setting in which to perform logical study to collectdata. Experiments are more suitable for medicine, psychological studies, nutrition and forother scientific studies. In experiments the experimenter has to keep control over theinfluence of any extraneous variable on the results.SurveySurvey is most commonly used method in social sciences, management, marketing andpsychology to some extent. Surveys can be conducted in different methods. Questionnaire is the most commonly used method in survey. Questionnaires are a list ofquestions either an open-ended or close -ended for which the respondent give answers. Questionnaire can be conducted via telephone, mail, live in a public area, or in an institute,through electronic mail or through fax and other methods. Interview is a face-to-face conversation with the respondent. It is slow, expensive, and theytake people away from their regular jobs, but they allow in-depth questioning and follow-upquestions.The interviewer can not only record the statements the interviewee speaks but he can observethe body language or non-verbal communication such as face-pulling, fidgeting, shrugging,hand gestures, sarcastic expressions that add further meaning to spoken words and otherreactions to the questions too. A problem with interviews is that people might say what they think the interviewer wants tohear; they might avoid being honestly critical in case their jobs or reputation might suffer.And the respondent deliberately hides information otherwise it is an in depth source ofinformation. So this enables the interviewer to draw conclusions easily. Observations can be done while letting the observing person know that he is being observedor without letting him know. Observations can also be made in natural settings as well as inartificially created environment.Primary data can be relied on because you know where it came from and what was done to it.Its like cooking something yourself. You know what went into it. ADVANTAGES OF PRIMARY RESEARCH Targeted Issues are addressedThe organization asking for the research has the complete control on the process and theresearch is streamlines as far as its objectives and scope is concerned. Researching companycan be asked to concentrate their efforts to find data regarding specific market rather thanconcentration on mass market.Data interpretation is betterThe collected data can be examined and interpreted by the marketers depending on theirneeds rather than relying on the interpretation made by collectors of secondary data. Efficient Spending for Information Unlike secondary research where the marketer may spend for information that is not needed,primary data collections’ focus on issues specific to the researcher improves the chances thatresearch funds will be spent efficiently. Decency of Data Usually secondary data is not so recent and it may not be specific to the place or situationmarketer is targeting. The researcher can use the irrelevant seeming information for knowingtrends or may be able to find some relation with the current scenario. Thus primary databecomes a more accurate tool since we can use data which is useful for us. Proprietary Issues Information collected by using primary research is their own and is generally not shared withothers. Thus, information can be kept hidden from competitors and potentially offer anâ€Å"information advantage† to the company that undertook the primary research. This gives anedge over competitors replying on secondary data. Addresses Specific Research Issues Carrying out their own research allows the marketing organization to address issues specificto their own situation. Primary research is designed to collect the information the marketerwants to know (Step 2) and report it in ways that benefit the marketer. For example, whileinformation reported with secondary research may not fit the marketer’s needs (e.g., differentage groupings) no such problem exists with primary research since the marketer controls theresearch design.Greater ControlNot only does primary research enable the marketer to focus on specific issues, it also enablesthe marketer to have a higher level of control over how the information is collected. In thisway the marketer can decide on such issues as size of project (e.g., how many responses),location of research (e.g., geographic area) and time frame for completing the project. DISADVANTAGES OF PRIMARY RESEARCH High Cost Compared to secondary research, primary data may be very expensive since there is a greatdeal of marketer involvement and the expense in preparing and carrying out research can behigh and has to design everything. Time Consuming To be done correctly primary data collection requires the development and execution of aresearch plan. Going from the start-point of deciding to undertake a research project to theend-point to having results is often much longer than the time it takes to acquire secondarydata, which can be collected in much lesser time duration.Inaccurate Feed-backs In case the research involves taking feedbacks from the targeted audience, there are highchances that feedback given is not correct. Feedbacks by their basic nature are usually biasedor given just for the sake of it. More number of resources is required Leaving aside cost and time, other resources like human resources and materials too are needed in larger quantity to do surveys and data collection. SECONDARY DATA Secondary data is the data that has been already collected by and readily available from othersources. When we use Statistical Method with Primary Data from another purpose for ourpurpose we refer to it as Secondary Data. It means that one purposes Primary Data is anotherpurposes Secondary Data. So that secondary data is data that is being reused. Such data arecheaper and more quickly obtainable than the primary data.These secondary data may be obtained from many sources, including literature, industrysurveys, compilations from computerized databases and information systems, andcomputerized or mathematical models of environmental processes. IMPORTANCE OF SECONDARY DATA Secondary data can be less valid but its importance is still there. Sometimes it is difficult toobtain primary data; in these cases getting information from secondary sources is easier andpossible. Sometimes primary data does not exist in such situation one has to confine theresearch on secondary data.Sometimes primary data is present but the respondents are not willing to reveal it in such casetoo secondary data can suffice: for example, if the research is on the psychology oftranssexuals first it is difficult to find out transsexuals and second they may not be willing togive information you want for your research, so you can collect data from books or otherpublished sources. SOURCES OF SECONDARY DATA Secondary data is often readily available. After the expense of electronic media and internetthe availability of secondary data has become much easier.Published Printed SourcesThere are varieties of published printed sources. Their credibility depends on many factors.For example, on the writer, publishing company and time and date when published. Newsources are preferred and old sources should be avoided as new technology and researchesbring new facts into light. Books Books are available today on any topic that you want to research. The uses of books startbefore even you have selected the topic. After selection of topics books provide insight onhow much work has already been done on the same topic and you can prepare your literaturereview. Books are secondary source but most authentic one in secondary sources. Journals/periodicals Journals and periodicals are becoming more important as far as data collection is concerned.The reason is that journals provide up-to-date information which at times books cannot andsecondly, journals can give information on the very specific topic on which you areresearching rather talking about more general topics. Magazines/Newspapers Magazines are also effective but not very reliable. Newspaper on the other hand is morereliable and in some cases the information can only be obtained from newspapers as in thecase of some political studies. Published Electronic Sources As internet is becoming more advance, fast and reachable to the masses; it has been seen thatmuch information that is not available in printed form is available on internet. In the past thecredibility of internet was questionable but today it is not. The reason is that in the pastjournals and books were seldom published on internet but today almost every journal andbook is available online. Some are free and for others you have to pay the price. E-journals: e-journals are more commonly available than printed journals.Latest journals are difficult to retrieve without subscription but if your university has an e-library you can view any journal, print it and those that are not available you can make anorder for them.General Websites; Generally websites do not contain very reliable information so theircontent should be checked for the reliability before quoting from them.Weblogs: Weblogs are also becoming common. They are actually diaries written by differentpeople. These diaries are as reliable to use as personal written diaries. Unpublished Personal Records Some unpublished data may also be useful in some cases. Diaries: Diaries are personal records and are rarely available but if you are conducting adescriptive research then they might be very useful. The Anne Franks diary is the mostfamous example of this. That diary contained the most accurate records of Nazi wars. Letters: Letters like diaries are also a rich source but should be checked for their reliabilitybefore using them. Government Records Government records are very important for marketing, management, humanities and socialscience research. Census Data/population statistics Health records Educational institutes records Public Sector Records NGOs survey data Other private companies records ADVANTAGES OF SECONDARY DATA Ease of AccessThere are many advantages to using secondary research. This includes the relative ease ofaccess to many sources of secondary data. In the past secondary data accumulation requiredmarketers to visit libraries, or wait for reports to be shipped by mail. Now with theavailability of online access, secondary research is more openly accessed. This offersconvenience and generally standardized usage methods for all sources of secondary research.Low Cost to AcquireThe use of secondary data has allowed researchers access to valuable information for little orno cost to acquire. Therefore, this information is much less expensive than if the researchershad to carry out the research themselves. Clarification of Research Question The use of secondary research may help the researcher to clarify the research question.Secondary research is often used prior to primary research to help clarify the research focus. May Answer Research Question The use of secondary data collection is often used to help align the focus of large scaleprimary research. When focusing on secondary research, the researcher may realize that theexact information they were looking to uncover is already available through secondarysources. This would effectively eliminate the need and expense to carry out their ownprimary research. May Show Difficulties in Conducting Primary Research In many cases, the originators of secondary research include details of how the informationwas collected. This may include information detailing the procedures used in data collectionand difficulties encountered in conducting the primary research. Therefore, the detaileddifficulties may persuade the researcher to decide that the potential information obtained isnot worth the potential difficulties in conducting the research. DISADVANTAGES OF SECONDARY DATA Quality of Research There are some disadvantages to using secondary research. The originators of the primaryresearch are largely self-governed and controlled by the marketer. Therefore, the secondaryresearch used must be scrutinized closely since the origins of the information may bequestionable. Moreover, the researcher needs to take sufficient steps to critically evaluate thevalidity and reliability of the information provided.Not Specific to Researcher’s NeedsIn many cases, secondary data is not presented in a form that exactly meets the researcher’sneeds. Therefore, the researcher needs to rely on secondary data that is presented andclassified in a way that is similar to their needs.Incomplete InformationIn many cases, researchers find information that appears valuable and promising. Theresearcher may not get the full version of the research to gain the full value of the study. This is because many research suppliers offer free portions of their research and then chargeexpensive fees f or their full reports. Not Timely When using secondary research, one must exercise caution when using dated informationfrom the past. With companies competing in fast changing industries, an out-of-date researchreports many have little or no relevance to the current market situation. EVALUATION OF SECONDARY DATA Because of the above mentioned disadvantages of secondary data, we will lead to evaluation of secondary data. Evaluation means the following four requirements must be satisfied:- 1. Availability- It has to be seen that the kind of data you want is available or not. If it is not available then you have to go for primary data. 2. Relevance- It should be meeting the requirements of the problem. For this we have two criterion:- a. Units of measurement should be the same. b. Concepts used must be same and currency of data should not be outdated. 3. Accuracy- In order to find how accurate the data is, the following points must be considered: – a. Specification and methodology used; b. Margin of error should be examined; c. The dependability of the source must be seen. 4. Sufficiency- Adequate data should be available.Robert W Joselyn has classified the above discussion into eight steps. These eight steps aresub classified into three categories. He has given a detailed procedure for evaluatingsecondary data. 1. Applicability of research objective. 2. Cost of acquisition. 3. Accuracy of data. CONCLUSION Primary research entails the use of immediate data in determining the survival of the market.The popular ways to collect primary data consist of surveys, interviews and focus groups,which shows that direct relationship between potential customers and the companies.Whereas secondary research is a means to reprocess and reuse collected information as anindication for betterments of the service or product.Both primary and secondary data are useful for businesses but both may differ from eachother in various aspects. In secondary data, information relates to a past period. Hence, it lacksaptness and therefore, it has unsatisfactory value. Primary data is more accommodating as itshows latest information.Secondary data is obtained from some other organization than the one instantaneouslyinterested with current research project. Secondary data was collected and analyzed by theorganization to convene the requirements of various research objectives. Primary data isaccumulated by the researcher particularly to meet up the research objective of the subsistingproject.Secondary data though old may be the only possible source of the desired data on thesubjects, which cannot have primary data at all. For example, survey reports or secret recordsalready collected by a business group can offer information that cannot be obtained fromoriginal sources.Firm in which secondary data are accumulated and delivered may not accommodate the exactneeds and particular requirements of the current research study. Many a time, alteration ormodifications to the exact needs of the investigator may not be sufficient. To that amountusefulness of secondary data will be lost. Primary data is completely tailor-made and there isno problem of adjustments.Secondary data is available effortlessly, rapidly and inexpensively. Primary data takes a lot oftime and the unit cost of such data is relatively high.Often secondary data have been pre-processed to give totals or averages and the original details are lost so you cant verify it byreplicating the methods used by the original data collectors.In short, primary data are expensive and difficult to acquire, but they are trustworthy.Secondary data are cheap and easy to collect, but must be treated with caution. REFERENCES 1. http://www.ianswer4u.com/2012/02/primary-research-advantages- and.html#ixzz2B6ioqOwT 2. http://www.worldbank.org/poverty/impact/methods/datacoll.htm 3. Bryman, A. and E. Bell: 2003, Business Research Methods (Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York). 4. Dillman, Don A. Mail and Telephone Surveys: The Total Design Method. New York, John Wiley and Sons, 1978. 5. Galpin, T. The Use of Mail Questionnaires as a Method of Data Collection. (Sept, 1987) 14 of 15