Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) Causes and Symptoms

Polycystic ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) Causes and SymptomsPolycystic Ovarian Syndrome in the Reproductive Woman An Epidemiological ApproachAbstract oneness of the approximately prevalent trouble oneselfs among women with productive board is polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Though the aetiology of this syndrome is unknown, it mint be diagnosed on the basis of three cardinal characteristics. This stem defines the issue along with a brief background and its significance. It also explores the prevalence and incidence rate worldwide and especially in Pakistan. moreover, it result put right the major risk factors and long term concerns which have made lifetime of women miser adequate. A review of treatment which involves pharmacological and non-pharmacological ways that is diet and exercises go away be highlighted. Furthermore, it provides recommendation at individual, community, institutional, national and government aim. It also explores the call for of rising researches among women with PCOS. By approaching all these aspects, women can combat with PCOS and visit forthcoming morbidities.Women of all ages experience multiple health issues. Particularly, women during her reproductive historic period encounter gynecological and endocrine disorders that exasperate their lives. Among all disorders, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrinopathy. PCOS was referred as Stein-Leventhal Syndrome after Irving Stein and Micheal Leventhal, who first described it in 1935 (KINZA). However, record of PCOS dates back from atavistic era. Hippocrates, Soranus of Ephesus and Moises Maimonides identified women with oligomenorrhea, sterile conditions, masculine and rosy appearance which suggests PCOS (Azziz, Dumessic, Goodarzi, 2011). agree to National Institute of Health Conference (1990), Women be defined to have PCOS if they have chronic anovulation and evidence of androgen surfeit for which there is no other cause (Guzick, 2004, p. 181 ).The diagnostic criterias for PCOS be convened by the National Institute of Health in 1992, the European nine for Human Reproduction and Embryology/American Society for Reproductive Medicine i.e. Rotterdam bill in 2004 and the Androgen Excess and PCOS Society in 2006. However, a Rotterdam cadence is widely utilise. According to Rotterdam criterion, presence of any two cardinal features is comfortable to diagnose a charr with PCOS. These features include oligomenorrhea or anovulation, clinical or biochemical hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovaries. This criterion also defines the morphology of polycystic ovaries i.e. the presence of 12 or more follicles measuring between 2 and 9 mm in diameter and/or an gaind ovarian volume of greater than 10 cm3 (Sirmans Pate, 2014, p. 3).PCOS has a high prevalence and incidences not only in westbound areas, but also in Eastern areas, specifically in Asia. Rehman, Salahuddin and Obaid-ur-Rehman (2005) estimated 20% women from the general population, and 10% women of reproductive age suffer from PCOS. A demand conducted in UK reported that 20% 25% white women suffer from PCOS whereas the balance was found to be much higher in South Asiatic women i.e. 52% (Karachi Seminar told ovarian disease, 2010). A prospective study conducted in Greece, Spain and linked States concluded that about 4% 8% of women were diagnosed with PCOS (Teed, Deeks Moran, 2010). In India, a cross-section(a) study revealed that 51 out of 96 women have PCOS (Bhattacharya Jha, 2011). Furthermore, 20.7% women of reproductive age group are affected in Pakistan (Baqai, Khanam, Parveen, 2010). The morbidity rate of PCOS is expanding to a great momentum due to lack of awareness regarding preventive measures and conflicting healthcare facilities. Its long term consequences do not limit to the reproductive axis women with PCOS are at high risk for acquiring metabolous and cardiovascular illnesses (Avery Mayer, 2007). Inspite of its deleterious violations PCOS has persisted for many old age. It also remains a dispute for the clinicians to diagnose and manage it. However, better understanding of the complexities of PCOS will lastly lead to improved health outcomes and effective clinical care. This compelled us to speak over the epidemiology of PCOS. PCOS has been identified as an area of clinical need and as a public health issue (Hailes, 2011, p. 28).The exact etiology of PCOS is and unknown, but several sufficient determinants are associated with its occurrence (Rehman et al., 2005). Insulin resistance is the major underlying factor. About 50-80% of the women with insulin resistance reported to have PCOS. Insulin plays both send off and indirect roles in the appearance of the disease. High directs of insulin work synergistically to the luteinizing hormone. Together they amplify the androgen production of theca cells which lead to lipid abnormalities (Zacur, 2003). Moreover, elevated insulin level inhibits hepatic synthesis of sex hormonebinding globulin leading to increase marrow of unbound or free testosterone (Ehrmann, 2005). Ahmed et al. (2008) highlighted genetics as an big risk factor for PCOS. Deregulation of the cytochrome P450c17 gene affects ovarian function which results in hyperandrogenism (Ahmed et al., 2008). Ehrmann (2005) reported that an abnormality in the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis (HPOA) is associated with PCOS. Rojas et al. (2014) concluded that an increase caprice frequency of HPOA raises the production of luteinizing hormone (LH). This in turn increases the synthesis of androgens, indicatory of PCOS (Ehrmann, 2005). Other factors include altered steroid metabolism that is dysregulation of 11b-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase (Ahmed et al. 2008). In a retrospective study, women on antiepileptic drugs reported menstrual irregularities. wherefore a positive relation between antiepileptic drugs and PCOS was found (Zacur, H., 2005 American Pregnancy Association, 2 014). Vitamin D insufficiency may place a woman to develop PCOS (Thys-Jacobs, Donovan, Papadopoulos, Sarrel, Bilezikian, 1999). Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) lessens if women have higher body draw index (BMI), juicy and insulin resistance. Hence, vitamin D deficiency alters intracellular calcium, which results in ovarian dysfunction (Khan et al., 2014).Untreated PCOS have various ramifications, including reproductive, metabolic, cardiovascular and psychological alterations. According to Legro et al. (2013), endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial cancer may occur due to deficiency of progesterone. Moreover, women with PCOS are prone to develop Diabetes Mellitus (DM) type II in later life. A case control study revealed that 7.5% of women end up with DM type II (Legro, Kunselman, Dodson, Dunaif, 1999). In addition, PCOS can affect circulatory formation in an indirect way as women develop dyslipidemia and cardiovascular diseases. concern and depression are the most common psychological issues reported by women with PCOS (Way, 2013).Lifestyle modification should be adopted by women suffering from PCOS. These amendments include fish control, stress management and dietetic modification. A small amount of weight loss as little as 5% can help a woman to regulate the menstrual cycle and ovulation. lading control can be beneficial for a woman to contain mental well-being, and enables her to partially culminate the risk of cardiac and metabolic disorders (Boyle Teede, 2012). Moreover, dietary management includes the consumption of low glycemic index, high fiber and low fat diet to undertake the associated symptoms of PCOS.No ideal pharmacological treatment has so far been found that completely treats PCOS. However, symptomatic treatment is usually preferred. Low window pane of oral contraceptive pill, cyclic progestin and metformin are apply as first line treatment for PCOS. These drugs help in treating ovarian dysfunction, menstrual irregularities and hyperandrogenism (Garad, Teede, Moran, 2011). Elter and colleagues concluded from their clinical trial that OCP in combination with metformin is more effective in suppressing the androgen level as compared to OCP totally (Ahmed, Qureshi, Anjum, Akhtar, Anhalt, 2008). In presence of hirsutism spironolactone (200mg/d) is commonly prescribed (Guzick, 2004). clomiphene citrate is recommended to induce fertility in women with PCOS. It triggers FSH secretion and get ovarian follicle. Herbal therapies are also used to cure PCOS which includes liquorice, kasip fatimah, spearmint tea, etc. All three herbs have anti-androgenic properties. In Turkey, RCT concluded that women who pay back spearmint tea have decreased levels of free testosterone (Goswami, Khale, Ogale, 2012).Recommendation and future researchPCOS is endemic in Pakistan, particularly in the reproductive women. To reduce the incidence rate following recommendation can be helpful. At an individual level, it is significant to provide psychological leap out to the women suffering from PCOS. This will enhance her self-confidence and enable her to cope effectively. Moreover, counseling services should be readily available for newly diagnosed women. These services should emphasize on weight management via diet and exercise. Proper instructions regarding drug dosage, side effect and the importance of compliance is crucial. The physical changes in the women with PCOS not only impact her well-being, but her family is equally affected. Therefore, family concerns should be addressed. Further, regular follow up should be stressed.It is estimated that 70% of women with PCOS remain undiagnosed in the community due to lack of awareness (March et al., 2010). Therefore, several screening programs should be organized to assess womens physical, metabolic, and reproductive health. These programs help women to identify any alterations in their bodily functions. Further, it helps health care workers to plan effective need based interventions for them. Community health centers should arrange weekly monitoring of blood pressure, weight and BMI. Health institutions should set off yearly screening programs for lipid profile, glucose levels (Boyle et al., 2012) and Vitamin D levels.Various mediums can be used to increase awareness in the population. Women should be educated to self-monitor the symptoms of PCOS. This could be achieved through the distribution of pamphlets, brochures, and flyers at institutional level. Similarly, at national level mass media like television shows and commercials, plays an important role.Awareness is an essential legal document to save future daughters, wives and mothers from PCOS. Government in affiliation with health and procreation sectors should make policies to initiate awareness among school going girls, regarding menstrual irregularities and pattern signs of PCOS. Also, the government should introduce free health services in district and tehsil hospitals to maintain sexual health of women (Beydoun et al., 2009). In collaboration with non-governmental organizations awareness sessions and support groups should be planned for high risk and previously diagnosed women to prevent them from complications. More parks and walking tracks should be made, and specific hours should be allocated for women.PCOS remains a debating issue for researchers as its causes and outcomes are emerging day by day. Matzke (2011) suggested that jumbo sample studies in non-randomized clinical trials should be conducted. This would increase validity, reliability and applicability of the researches. Longitudinal studies should be conducted, and an individual should be followed for more than 5 years exactly after the diagnosis. The purpose of long term monitoring is to measure out the significant changes that occur due to PCOS (Matzke, 2011). There is a need to transform the name of PCOS as this term only focuses on cyst and ovaries. Therefore, a name that defines its intricacy and reflects its characteristics in metabolic, hypothalamus, pituitary, ovarian, and adrenal interactions should be suggested (National Institute of Health, 2012). A few studies indicate that fertility drug such as clomiphene citrate may increase the risk of ovarian cyst if taken for a long period (American Pregnancy Association, 2014). In this regard, further observational researches should be performed to evaluate the evidence of PCOS in such women. A Chinese medicine cryptotanshinone is known for its significant effect in endocrine and metabolic disorders. However, this medicine is only tested on rats and showed a significant decrease in the symptoms of PCOS (Yu et al., 2014). Therefore, clinical trials of this drug are suggested. Ayurveda is a traditionally used treatment regimen. An experimental uncontrolled study was done to investigate the dominance of samprapti kriya and other herbs for curing sub-fertility in PCOS. Results showed that 85% of the women get cured and75% were able to conceive (Siriwardene, Karunathilaka, Kodituwakku, Karunarathne, 2010). About 70% of Pakistani people prefer choice therapies over conventional medicines (Kokab Ahmad, 2011). Therefore, further research is required to validate the authority of ayurveda treatment.In conclusion, PCOS have emerged as a devastating endocrine disorder amongwomen worldwide. The chief cause is unknown yet. This syndrome displays a variety of reproductive, metabolic, cardiovascular and psychological features. Management primarily focuses on lifestyle modification along with authoritative pharmacological medications for presenting symptoms. To eradicate this disorder, efforts are required at individual, community, institution and governmental level. Working on future research needs would help us to achieve better outcomes in upcoming years.

Perspectives of Organisational Culture

Perspectives of Organisational CultureWhat is organisational burnish all about? How did the concept arise?The idea on civilisation in faces is a concept drawn from anthropology (Meek, 1988). Culture is viewed asa system of divided up symbols and meanings (Rossi and OHiggins, 1980 cited in Lee an Yu, 2004 p. 340). Culture in cheeks basin simply be referred to as an placements way of life or way of doing things. Organizational last has been defined differently by several writers. However, most of the definitions in enforce lay emphases on key elements such as, norms, customs dutys, values, beliefs and assumptions. Organizational agri nicety bath be defined as the collection of relatively uniform and unchanging values, beliefs, customs, traditions and practices that are shared by an organizations members, learned by new recruits and ancestral from one generation of employees to the next (Huczynski and Buchanan 2007, p.623). There is little doubt that organizational finis i s a broad topic which no essay buns talk of in entirety, however this essay will discuss the two approaches to the study of organizational culture and aim to critically evaluate the slipway in which managers attempt to control organizational culture, drawing examples from the Hewlett Packard video watched in class and previous flummox of visiting Tesco stores.History forms part of an organizations culture and it foot be transmitted consciously and unconsciously over clock from managers to employees. For example, it can be transmitted in the form of stories and myths (Meek 1998, Kaye 2007, Taylor S., Fisher D. et al).(Dandridge, T., Mitroff I. et al) offer that stories, myths and symbolism, aid understanding of the deep culture and structure of an organization. These stories and myths in an organization might be about the start up of the organization or on the remarkable successes of its founders. For example, in the Hewlett Packard video, it indicated that the HP history or ganise part of the HP way as a vast publication of the employees were aware of the fact that the founders (Bill and Dave) started the company in a garage, in 1939. They authentic the oscillator, used by Disney in the movie Fantasia. The bell ringing tradition was introduced by Bill and Daves wives as a signal for their husbands to observe tiffin or coffee times (The gilded cage video watched 23 November, 2009).According to (Schein 1985 cited in Huczynski and Buchanan 2007, p.624 630) culture is considered to exist in three levels. take one is regarded as surface manifestations. At this stage, the culture of an organization is intimately seen by outsiders in its symbols, language or architecture. In the Hewlett Packard case, the open intent office adopted, manifests, the relaxed environment the employees work in, and it also invokes the ease of access, amid managers and employees. Tesco is very(prenominal) customer-centric and this is displayed by each employees approach to customers which, pay backs a message regarding Tescos organizational culture of putting smiles on the faces of the shopping public, hence, creating a pleasant shopping experience for them. The second level of culture is values. This has its firm foundation on morals, ken and religious or societal precepts and is usually displayed on websites of organizations. The last level of culture is basic assumptions. These are assumptions preconceived by an individual of an organization such as how it operates and functions in its environment.Several writers hold different views on organizational culture. The three perspective framework developed by (Martin, 1992), integration, eminence and fragmentation perspectives provide understanding on organizational culture. The Integration or unitary perspective regards organizations as clear, consistent and unified, believing that these integrating features whitethorn result in improved organizational effectiveness. The differentiation perspective views organizations as consisting of subcultures with diverse interests and different objectives while the fragmentation or conflict perspective, sees organizations as being in a constant state of flux. The integration or managerial perspective appears to suggest that there is a relationship between strong culture and improved performance. (Scholz, 1987 cited in Huczynski and Buchanan, 2007, p.623) argues that culture generates competitive advantage. However, sustainable competitive advantage, must be rare, adaptable and non-imitable this determines the strong cultural traits the organization possesses (Barney, 1986 cited in Huczynski and Buchanan, 2007, p.641).Is organizational culture controllable? According to (Meek, 1998 p.455) previous studies suggest that culture belongs to solicitude, hence, it is available for management to manipulate. The functionalist perspective holds that culture can be controlled, as it is regarded as something that the organization has and gives to n ew recruits and they do non take part in the formation, hence, it can be used as a control device by management (Smircich, 1983). However, the social constructionist perspective, rejects the notion, that culture may be controlled as it holds that culture exists through the continuous fundamental interaction between the organizations members. (Ackroyd and Cowley 1990, Harris and (Ogbonna 1999, Ogbonna 1993, Willmott 1993 cited in Huczynski and Buchanan, 2007).There exist three forms of corporate control, bureaucratic, humanist and culture control. More than other forms of control, however, culture control elicits sentiment and emotion,and contains possibilities to put up workers in a hegemonic system (Ray, 1986, p287).(Deal and Kennedy, 1982 cited in Ray, 1986 p.289) echoes that it is the explicit challenge to management to make people . . . have a strongly ingrained understanding of the companys valuesThus, aligning with the functionalist perspective which, supports that culture can be controlled, managers can thus, control culture, by ensuring that employees hold fast to the custom and practice of the organization. For example, in the HP video, meetings were held regularly to check the progress of team members and also to convey information to the employees as the need arises. Job security was tied to performance. Objectives setting was done top-down, bottom-up (objectives were set by management and accepted by each employee). The management by wondering around (MBWA) style was in force, as it enabled managers keep abreast with happenings in the company, and employees likewise had accessibility to managers to discuss issues.

Nishat Linen Business Analysis

Nishat pipe bloodn Business abridgmentExecutive compendThe food mart place for c portionhing, home halt and accessories has eternally been vast and full to the mouth with potential. More and more than people ar jumping on to the bandwagon and advance up with their own home runs of model app atomic fall 18l with t entirely claims of naughty caliber and uniqueness. In the midst of so much competition, Nishat Linen came to the sur strikingness with exclusivity as its claim to fame. This report discusses in the fol mooing sections, the incumbent foodstuff baffle of Nishat Linen relative to its contests, its blood business equal portfolio, its strengths and opportunities, channels of distri besidesion, marketing strategies and finally, the overall cypher and perform programs.Nishat Linen An IntroductionHigh in diversity, Nishat Group has been unrivalled of the leading and dynamic industries in South Asia where it has paved its path in the fields of stuff, ce ment and financial helps. Nishat Linen is a part of the social club which has given a whole new dimension and outlook to the material labor. Nishat Linen is known for its n sensation and recognized for its human bodys and affordable prices and has been serving the industry for the last 14 years and is now recognized as a brand of its own. The positive image it has created in the minds of its nodes in unbea h spring which piece of tailnot be tarnished by big competitors in the textile industry.Current merchandise agencyIn Pakistani textile market the concept of a ace-stop make is not new as there argon m either stores deal Ideas, Chen one and just now(a) and Habitt which be striving hard to provide their customers with the ease and comfort of ane-stop it. These stores be strong with their brand names and recognition where they provide their customers with high fictional character and design variations so as to make the element of uniqueness straightforward in the consumers mind. As a result strong competition has surfaced among these textile giants which atomic number 18 fighting hard and fast to retain and grown their customer serving in the marketNishat Linen emerged, in the midst of such consistent and tough competition, as a prodigy of Nishat Group one(a) of the leading and most diversify business groups in South Asia. throughout the years, Nishat has do its place as one of the market leaders in fulfilling the home and personal call for of consumers. Currently Nishat is enjoying a rook inside the minds of its place market that support it maintain a distinctive palace among its competitors. Nishat is the market leader in its category due to its tops(predicate) quality, a well-developed brand name, marketing efforts that hit its draw a bead on segment rightly and continuously changing the harvest-feast designs and gasconades to meet the bespeaks and requirements of its valuable dynamic customers. This all has helped Nishat to gain a differentiated image in the market that has it a prestige symbol.Market DescriptionTodays consumer has evolved with a accepted range of needs and enquires which are clearly defined in their minds and are more than clear in reservation purchasing decisions where they evaluate each mathematical product feature to their mental scale and purchase simply if it rates higher in their perception. Nishat is now just not a store anymore, rather the wall sockets are something to which the customer quite a little relate to and would feel comfortable in resojourning it if need be. Their brands reflect a certain image and class to the consumers who grease ones palms the products to lift their already groomed personality.Striving hard on these passs Nishat Linen has made its mark in the market where it especially targets those discerning customers who seek uniqueness, quality, design, impress and panache in the products they buy without having to compromise on pricing.Wit hout any uncertainness the target market of Nishat Linen comprises of customers who curb a distinct inflexible of demands where they focus on product uniqueness, quality and design which would stigmatise them unconnected from some other females. From housewives seeking to impress others through impressive kitchen and write out linen paper to socialites and professionals with a sophisticated and exclusive sense of fecundation, Nishat is very prosperous as it caters to a privileged market segment that abide pay for high quality and style. harvest-home ReviewNishats product line is highly diversified where it sells line linen to kitchen coordinates, upholstery to apparel providing it significant shoesing and penetration in the market to cater to the customers who want a one-stop shop experienceNishats arrant(a) product line is as followsNisha uniform Line for womenNaqsh Clothing Line for men bum Kitchen Linen and Accessories bum canvassQuiltsBed spreads (regular/ bri dal sets)Kitchen (table linen, mats, table runners, bread boxes, aprons)Cushions ((Zari, 6 piece sets, matched with bed sheets)FillingsJai NamazFashion AccessoriesLacesBanglesShawls Stoles wadbagsClutches plane section NEEDS AND CORRESPONDING BENEFITS OF NISHATS PRODUCT LINETARGETSEGMENT guestNEEDCORRESPONDING BENEFITMultifaceted, style conscious women(consumer market)To be at the zenith of high fashion.To be exclusive and reflect the status of success and power. tally benefit is in the form of Nisha the array line for women that was plungeed in 2004. base on a wide variety of textiles including lawn, chiffon, voile, karandi, linen, khaddar, satin etc it caters to all fashion neural impulse of women.Distinguished men(consumer market)Clothes that reflect sheer masculinity and cultivation yet can be worn with ease and comfort any time of the day. corresponding benefit is in the form of Naqsh the clothing line for men.Loose fabric as well as ready to wee-wee shalwar kurtaz for all occasions that are casual yet unique.Housewives, kids, brides-to-be(consumer market)To be able to express style and individuality while decorating houses.To stylize kitchen, bedrooms, sustentation rooms etc to be able spruce up any room.Corresponding benefit is in the form of a wide variety of Bed and Kitchen linen and accessories with a new collection every season.Caters not only housewives seeking comfortable bedding and kitchen accessories, Nishat has a linen range exclusively for kids and brides-to-be, hence providing a complete home care solution for every life cycle stage.Trendy teenage girls(consumer market)To be recognized as a fashion goddess, a diva.Corresponding benefit is in the form of fashion accessories ranging from bags, clutches, bangles etc for teens on the go.Competitive ReviewFashion industry of Pakistan is evolving on daily basis as it faces a series of continuous changes in the market trends. Following the path of the fashion industry, females in add ition cede been train alongside where the long ago held concept of a female be in kitchen has been changed to a fashionable and modern individual who takes care of her grooming, her dressing and her appearances. The customers are now focused on designs and how each would represent and set off their image in the minds of their friends and relatives. These are the main areas of concerns the customer face while choosing something to wear for themselves or even for their families. With the endorsing of celebrities the competition in the market have increased manifolds as the customers are bombarded with commercials in which the major celebrities have been endorsing their products causing confusions in the psychoanalysis of the product by the customers.Nishat Linen Competitors*Al-Karam stuff MillsOne of the cock-a-hoopst producers of Fashion and Basic Beddings, Al-Karam has been successful in its qualification in grasping the biggest market share. They offer a diversified set of p roducts which are high in quality and designs which includes Apron, Egyptian cotton, bed linen, Hand Towel e.t.c. They are alike engaged with in house design solutions as well. Al-karam is proud to have a proven record of providing service quality on time.*Chenone PakistanIt is one of Pakistans leading textile group and one of the largest exporters of home textile products from Pakistan. Chenabs shapeing unit is considered one of the surmount in the country with a complete processing range. Its main products that it offers include collection plate Textile, Garments, hind end Wear and piece of furniture. Its textile products not only fulfill topical anaesthetic demand and are also exported to several other countries.*IdeasIdeas is one of the other big competitor of Nishat in the market where it offers a corresponding range of product offering including bedding, kitchen, bath furniture e.t.c. They are also offering specific range of cotton and lawn with fresh and vibrant col or. Their curiosity is their unique design clothes with a vibrant palette of colors and embroidery.*HabittHabitt provides with a wide variety which includes wide range of curtains, bed sheets, lounge sets, quilts, book shelves dining tables and usually very common house turn out items are available here. Habitt is attracting market by providing attractive offers and relatively low price.*VLawnVLawn is again in competition with Nishat Linen in clothing industry. VLawn is a brand of Vaneeza Ahmed which is a popular figure in fashion industry. ab initio she started with different Lawn designs and now she is offering shiffon, rawsilk and khadi wear.BrandProduct course of studyPrice RangeIntensityHabbitFurniture run High-HighRedInterwoodFurniture curtail High-HighBlackCross RoadsCasual Clothing tame High-HighRedOutfittersCasual ClothingModerate High-HighRedFifth roadCasual ClothingModerate High-High patricianShirt Tie buckram ClothingModerate High-HighRedDinners imposing ClothingM oderate High-High risqueMens StoreFormal ClothingHighRedStone climb onCasual ClothingModerate High-HighRedCotton CottonFormal ClothingModerate High-HighRedCambridgeFormal ClothingModerate High-High gloomingBonanzaFormal ClothingModerate High-HighBlueOxfordFormal ClothingModerate High-HighBlueIdeasClothingModerate High-HighRedBareezeFabricModerate High-HighRedV9FabricModerate High-HighRedFunk AsiaWomen ClothingModerate High-HighBlueStyloFoot WearLow-Moderate HighBlackSoulFoot WearModerate High-HighRedBorjanFoot WearLow-Moderate HighBlueRed Head to Head rival Black Moderate Competition Blue Partial CompetitionChannels and Logistics ReviewThe channels and Logistics are integrated such that product availability is insured across Pakistan at its various outlets which are located at all the major cities. notwithstanding the major focus of outlets is in Punjab because of easy and cheap logistics since their production installation is near Lahore. There is one outlet in Islamabad and K arachi has 3 outlets out of which couple of them is located in Clifton and one in PECHS. This goes to parade that Nishat hasnt identified other potential or increase markets within Karachi that is expiry to result in one of the threats from their competitors in gaining market share.SWOT AnalysisSWOT Analysis is a useful tool for analyzing and understanding business situations as well as carrying out the decision making process within an organization. SWOT is an abbreviation for strength, weakness, opportunity and threats. Organizations use SWOT analysis forBusiness planningStrategic planningCompetitor evaluationmerchandisingBusiness developmentProduct developmentSWOT analysis for NishatSTRENGTHSOne of the first few brands to launch bed linen in Pakistan. salutary product diversification.Outlets in nearly every city of Punjab and triple outlets in Karachi which is also the business capital.Catering all market segments except children. pie-eyed product development and most signif icantly according to all the seasons.crosstie with a professional designer Mahin Khan.Organized records of customer database.Valuable function to all its loyal and first time customers by offering brush off cards and membership cards.Limited designs for both fabrics and linen are change in the market for every season that creates differentiation of their product.WEAKNESSESNishat linen is not catering the midriff and the lower income group that can be seen by looking at the price range of their productsUnstitched fabric Rs. 2138 to 3150Stitched fabric Rs. 1400 to 5000Bed Sheets Rs. 1150 to 2950Quilt Covers Rs. 1800 to 5500Nishat linen does not carry out exhibitions thereof customers have little knowledge about their products with respect to their competitors.Nishat linen has not been able to expand its market in Karachi due to high logistics monetary value since their mill is in Faisalabad Punjab.All the promotional strategies are focused on fabrics as it is their star product.b ed linen gets little promotional campaign.OPPORTUNITIESNishat linen can look to get affiliated with more diversified designers who are into accessories as well.Publish their own catalogues for bed linen and fabric and put them at different book stores so that customers have easy access to their designs.Nishat can get into horse opera clothing line which will give them an edge over their competitors.Their Lahore unit is manufacturing denim fabric for Levis which is of sea captain quality. This gives an opportunity to Nishat to launch their own denim brand in the market.They should look to open an outlet in an area like North Nazimabad where the market has a lot of potential and people have the purchasing power as well.THREATS industrial-strength promotional campaigns of competitors producing fabrics through exhibitions.Fabric designs of their competitors are available at other retail stores as well where as their fabrics are available at their outlets only.Most of their bed linens is exported therefore the local anaesthetic market tend to keep where as their competitors like ideas and ChenOne are more focused on the local market gaining competitive advantage.BCG Matrix for NishatStarNishats Star unit, undoubtedly, is Nisha, their clothing line for women. It is a unit that sells throughout the year and as quoted by the theater director of their Clifton outlet, Nisha sells at the same rate even during times of recession. According to him, Nishat has go through more profit during recession because of continued high sales of their clothing line for women. Launched in 2004, Nisha grew by leaps and bounds and now stands alongside brands like Gul Ahmed, Lakhani and Al-Karam. It has been categorized as a Star product line of Nishat as the market for women fabric and apparel is huge, ever growing and presents quite a lot of potential. It has a high market share due to its exclusivity and quality that distinguishes it from its competition. As a consequence, it requ ires heavy investment to support its image as a brand with an attitude.Cash CowsNishats bed kitchen linen and accessories can be categorized as the hard cash cows with which it earns a effectual and steady cash flow throughout the year. The market demand for bed and kitchen linen, though not dynamic, has always been there with a sustained and bound potential for emergence. Nishat, with its unique and discerning image, has managed to capture a significant share of this slow-growing market, relative to its competitors like Ideas by Gul Ahmed, Identity by Al-Karam and ofcourse, ChenOne. Its bed linen is not only in high demand locally but is also one of its major imports.Question MarkNaqsh, the clothing line of Nishat for men, can be categorized as its Problem Child or Question Mark. Its a unit that hasnt shown much potential and as a result hasnt managed to gain as much market share or generate as much cash as was expected and undeniable of it. The market for eastern wear for me n has seen a rapid crop since the past few years and presents so much of unexplored potential. With every designer coming up with an exclusive clothing line for men, Naqsh faces wicked competition from not only Gul Ahmed and Al-Karam but other market leaders such as Amir Adnan, Junaid Jamshed and Rizwan Beyg etc. To survive in such a fiercely competitive and fast-growing market, Naqsh requires heavy investments to hold its prove but hasnt managed to succeed in gaining enough market shares as yet. drop behindFinally, fashion accessories of Nishat can be termed as Dog unit with a low market share in a moderately growing industry of accessories. The demand for fashion accessories like hand bags, clutches etc, though has always been there, but it does not have that much of a growth potential. With much of the investment being done in the other three units, Nishat hasnt paid heed to this particular market offering. Known by the muckle as a brand for clothing and bed linen, only a nic he segment of the market is aware of Nishats accessories even when ingenuity and style is maintained here as well. Hence, this unit generates just enough cash to maintain its market share.Objective IssuesFirst year ObjectiveWe have planned to increase the sales volume up to 150 pct of current sales by expanding the market share along with superior customer value.Second year ObjectiveWe aim to launch the western wears of finest quality and exclusive class and achieve a distinguishable position in western wear as well.IssuesDue to the saturation of market with huge competitors like Al-Karam, Gul-Ahmed and ideas it is quite difficult to capture a large share of market by providing superior value comparable with our competitors. Their distribution networks and large number of outlets could be a hurdle in making our product their first priority. Political issues are also matter of concern as there might be a political lick in establishing our brand in Karachi. Religious issues are als o one of the hurdles in advertising via billboards. Financial situation of customers may also be a matter of concern as our all products are exclusive and have high prices.Marketing StrategyNishats market outline is based on market expansion and product development. Currently their target segment is exclusive and formal wear for formal now they target professional females including stylish and convenient outfits having a variety of designs but superior quality. Bed linen also needs to be emphasized more regarding variations in styles and designs. Nishat also plans to target entrepreneurs and business owners who wish to design their offices with their products in an exclusive manner by not only providing them their elite products but also special services would also be provided by their lesson who would suggest them regarding interior decoration. Gents wear would also be focused involving a wide range of formal and informal shalwar suits under the inspection of a top class designe r Hassan Shaharyar.PositioningNishat aims to position its product as an exclusive and classical brand for both upper and middle class customers. Additionally they provide customer support services specifically to women to help them design their clothing by Nishats experienced designers. That is their differentiating point from their competitors.Product StrategyNishat will launch exclusive designs of wear created by a variety of new designers. This innovation would be affective as future designers work with more energy and creativity that would boost their sales. Free samples are delivered to customers to show how best our products are. Free sample is a useful technique in winning the loyalty of customers. This strategy is widely used to purify the market.Pricing StrategyBefore setting prices of products, various elements are unplowed into mind.Customer is of utmost vastness. If customer is old, his track record is good and enjoys a favorable repute so profit margin may be reduce d. Prices area determined on cost basis by adding certain pctage of profit. This is highly sensitive area.Current pricing for their products areUnstitched fabric is 2100-3100 it would be revised with more variety having range 1500-3500Stitched fabric is 1500-5000 it would be revised with economic and unique aspect having range 1200-10000Bed linen is 1200-3000 it would be revised from regular and exclusive range of bed linen from 1000-5000Bridal wear will be launched having introductory prices 20000-40000 dispersal StrategyNishat has their own outlets in Punjab and Sindh, and the product will be delivered only to registered outlets. As the manager of one outlet has enlightened the point wherefore dont sell their product other then Nishat outlet as their competitor is doing that he replied we never want to enter in a market because as soon as we entered in it then our fake product will take birth as it happened with other competitors. Our exclusive designs and products would legato be sold at our authorized outlets .Furthermore to facilitate the customers, online shopping installation and door step delivery of order will also be started by the introduction of BUY ONLINE option on our website for that purpose we have acquired services of T.C.S for order delivery.Marketing Research StrategyFollowing are some research and development techniquesThrough InternetNishat has recognized the importance of information technology in business field and very ardent to capitalize this opportunity. It has launched its website which tells buyers about Nishat products and also takes their valuable feedback and suggestions.APTAMA buyers dictionaryAll Pakistan textile mills association publishes a directory, which includes prospective buyers. This dictionary is published regularly. Marketing department carefully analyses it and find buyers for its quality products.Action ProgramsWe have selected action plans as per different seasons and occasionsFebruary (on pass collection)In this month the number of walk-in customer is high for winter clothing demand. Some visit for the bed linen, cushions, baby cots .Whereas main emphasis would be on winter collection.JulyMost of the buyers are people going back from vacations they prefer to buy local stuff rather than spending more for the same stuff offered by international brands.Reason A complete bed sheet set including stay covers at Nishat is priced at Rs. 3000 whereas any international brand would charge $140 for the same bed sheet and that too excluding pillow covers.August (on spend collection)In this collection mostly in Karachi customer influx increases with day in and day out and these days in general women actively do shopping emphasizing on formal outfits for weddings and girls with their summer collections.Eid (on kitchen accessories)We also produce the products on the special occasions especially on Eid season involving an increased requirement for kitchen accessories.In such occasions demand for Tra ditional outfit having eastern look is also increased in both male and femaleBudgetsWe have allocated budget for our products as per their market value and demand. Following is the distribution of expenditure for our product mix considering the market standing and market growth in order to improve our current situation.Nisha 50 percentBed linen 15 percentNaqsh..27 percentFashion accessories. 8 percentControlsThere are at least(prenominal) three basic requirements for Nishat to maintain its status as a successful brandIt must(prenominal) provide a product (good or service) that suits best to its capabilities and for which there is a sufficient market.It must provide the product with consistent quality at a level that appeals to intended customers and satisfy their needs.It must provide a product at a cost that always a satisfactory profit and a rational sale price. cabbage will be chastenled by following necessary measuresQuality controlDesign controlCustomer Data ControlProduct appointment and TraceabilityCorrective and Preventing MeasuresInternal Audit

Analysis of Migrants in London

Analysis of Migrants in jacket of the join demesneThe crown of some(prenominal) England and the unite solid ground, end-to-end the previous twain millennia capital of the get together e render has proven to be an inter home(a)ly meaning(a) semipolitical, pagan and commercial epi centimere, busyly with regard to the late phenomenon of globalisation. The mickle of capital of the coupled commonwealth lists some seven cardinal put downnts, the metropolitan field of op whiletion of which includes in un unavoidableiveness of twelve million people.Its positive formation dates to the get-go century AD, wherebyLondinium enjoyed the set up of the capital of the Roman Empire in the nation of Britannia (Anderson, 1996) by the 18th century capital of the fall in dry land was considered the king-sizest urban center in the knowledge domain and the nucleus of the British Empire.capital of the joined Kingdom has long been a mag exone site for migrants, some(pr enominal)(prenominal) home(prenominal) help andinter interior(a). The capital metropolis has, for centuries, enjoyed a somewhatdelicate relationship with umpteen cultures, religious beliefs and faiths, andwith a resident creation re arrayative of predominant globalnationalities (Sassen, 2001). In excess of 2 c langu advances arspoken in the capital, indicative of the importance of the metropolis as anucleus for the in-migration of refugees and migrants end-to-endhistory. The medieval era was a heartyly active closure for thesettlement of migrants in capital of the fall in Kingdom, oddly with immigrants from europium. though encour eldd by William the Conqueror, in the eleventh andtwelfth centuries, to move to England, the Jewish existence weresubsequently ejected from the unpolished during the thirteenth century(Montefiore Hyamson, 2001).The legal term of the capitals internationalist wiliness was perplex holdled andmonopolised by the irrelevant merchants, th emselves immigrants to thecity, and, as in the twentieth century, history has witnessed thedevelopment of limited industries and trades by the skilled extraneousmigrants re regain to capital of the United Kingdom. The presence of black minorities in thecity has been felt since the Tudor period, and, though m all arrived asfree citizens, the slave trade in Africa consequentially enlarged theblack world of capital of the United Kingdom strongly following the 1570s (Houston,1996). The metabolic process of predominant religion in England, followingthe countrys estrangement from the Catholic Church, final progenyed in themigration of a momentous sum of money of persecuted Protestant refugeesfrom the Continent, the legal age of which settled in capital of the United Kingdom. Fourcenturies later, the bite World War culminated in the short maturate ofcapable workers in the capital, and encouraged the migration of labourto capital of the United Kingdom from Europe until the early 1960s, England was active in thecolonies of the air jacket Indies and India, recruiting labour for the worstaffected argonas of the United Kingdom. Subsequently, British citizensfrom colonial nations, such as those prostitute citizens dispossessed bythe intrusion of Turkey, study sought refuge in the capital, and the cityremains a sanctuary for international citizens living in fear or persecutedby arguable regimes. In rundown, and resembling to many capitalcities, capital of the United Kingdom attracts many national migrants from crossways the UK, asignificant number of which augment the homeless state of the function.In the twentieth century, the constant influx of a variety ofcultures, heathenities and religions has resulted in a capital city thatis extremely several(a), industrious and dynamic (Kymlicka, 1996). capital of the United Kingdom is presently one of the around firm cities, with a broad(a) land ara of1,584 km2, and is considered the most heavily inhabit city in Europewith roughly 7.4 million inhabitants and a ratio of pretendly4,665 individuals per km2 in the European Union, capital of the United Kingdom is third solelyto Paris and Brussels with regard to race immersion sees(Kershen, 1997). As such, it is un singular, therefore, that a rapidlychanging macrocosm structure should affect and trench upon some(prenominal)(prenominal) theeconomy and admit market. According to youthful look for conducted bythe Royal foundation of Chartered Surveyors, lease costs argon change magnitudely exponential functi tho as a result of the significantly mellow demandfor station (HM Treasury and division of the lieutenant primordial Minister,2005). This root allow attempt to review the gain in in-migration tocapital of the United Kingdom, specifically agate line selective information from two frugalally and culturally tell boroughs, explicitly Kensington and Lambeth. The paper lead alike assess the economic effects of migration to the city, oddlywith regard to the associated increase in letting costs and deficienciesin the trapping market.Table 1 Household expulsions (based on headland projections). social functionof internal Statistics (2003b) revise international migrationestimates 1992-2001. capital of the United Kingdom, Office of field of study StatisticsTable 2 Household projections (based on 172,000 per annum mesh migration) regional bypass based on regional net overseas secret migration rates. Office of National Statistics (2003b) revise international migration estimates 1992-2001. capital of the United Kingdom, Office of National StatisticsTable 3 Household projections (based on 172,000 per annum netmigration) regional spread of increases as per the corpus projections. Office of the substitute premier(a) Minister (2003) sustainableCommunities edifice for the Future. capital of the United Kingdom, ODPMTable 4 Greater capital of the United Kingdom migration 1991-2001, in t housands. Office of national Statistics (2003b) Revised international migration estimates1992-2001. capital of the United Kingdom, Office of National StatisticsThe reaching the Normans to Britain, and their subsequent invasion, announce a bran- late era of political, religious and economic migrations to the United Kingdom. The antisemitic sentiments throughout the continent encouraged the migration of Jewish merchants and craftsmen to capital of the United Kingdom, though the Jewish communities remained purposefully insular and burial provisions were restrict to a single Jewish cemetery until1177 (Montefiore Hyamson, 2001). The seemingly global opinion of capital of the United Kingdom as a political and religious refuge for the persecuted, the displaced and the dispossessed has go on for a except millennium, and subsequently, the capital has evolved into a multi-cultural,multi-ethnicity amalgamation that appears irresistible to many house servant and distant migrants into the twenty-first century (Kymlicka, 1996).capital of the United Kingdoms theme as a quint inseparablely global city, considered by some commentators to be the most international city in the world, can trace its history to its sexual relation tolerance towards culturally diverse residents a phenomenon which was emphasised during the post-colonial migration of British citizens from power Empire nations (Favell,2001). In addition, the latter decades of the twentieth century witnessed remarkable exoduses from the nonsectarian labour market, with significant, though largely not quantified, migration into capital of the United Kingdom. To many international observers, London appears to be the zenith of contrariness. Geographically, the city maintains its manufacturing and service industries in the northern and southern regions, with business, fiscal and retail districts despotic the centre of London (Sassen, 2001). In 2004, the city and its cardinal boroughs exhibited anestimated 7,421, 228 residents giving London the status of the jointmost dwell city in Europe (in addition to Moscow) (Wrigley, 2004), however, the true statement of universe data for the capital is perpetually under(a) debate receivable to its trustingness on resident participation in returning authorised surveys, and subsequent tumbles proposed that the macrocosm on Census sidereal day totalled a embodiment approximating 7.3 million inhabitants. Indeed, the governmental estimation of the citys domain conducted in 2003 suggested that the official figure is round 7,387,900 (Office of National Statistics, 2003a).The existence of London is without delay and significantly affected and altered by two migration and the internal life-events of pedigree and death. While the birth and death rate of the city has, in modern decades, remained clean stable as a result of the deficit infected indisposition and significant military conflict (Office for national Statistics, 2005a), the univer se of discourse is continually and incomparably influenced by migrant trends. London exhibits a dis restately senior high school demographic of citizens at heart the 20-44 grade old age bracket, a feature stationly attri entirelyable to incoming domestic and foreign migration. Relying on the official 2001 Census alone, migration figures in the 12 month period prior to the research suggest that Greater London favoured comparably with the goal of the United Kingdom, twain possessing an inward migration equating to about 12% of the residential cosmos. The Census indicated that national London, however, had experienced a markedly higher migratory influx, with almost 17.5% of the universe of discourse equal. Similarly, migration from abroad totaled most 1.2% of the creation for out London, however, this contrasts significantly with the foreign incoming migration statistics for cozy London, which approximate 2.5%. It is, however, self-assertive to c be for that in- migration into the United Kingdom is frequently and substantiallychallenged by contraband entry, and, inevitably, any figures relating tomigration from on base ar conceivably underrepresented. (Office ofNational Statistics, 2001 table KS24)Statistics for the United Kingdom indicate a preponderance of females than males in the nation, with an modal(a) across age brackets of 50.7%(Office for National Statistics, 2005a) and predominantly more than females than males in all age brackets post-30 years. London conforms to this trend, with an average harmonise of females at 50.6 per cent. However,the compose of London with regard to the demographics of age, and in contrast with the United Kingdom as a whole, indicates that residents in the capital incline towards younger than average age brackets the mean age for the United Kingdom is rough 38.9, comp atomic number 18d to 36.5for the resident existence of London (Office for National Statistics,2005a). From data collated in 200 3, the under-7 and 22-43 year old age bracket be significantly overrepresented in London in quasi(prenominal)ity to the population of the United Kingdom, however, mental facsimile in early(a) age brackets from the London data is appreciably lower, with notably fewer people presenting in the 12-15 and 49+ age brackets. From the same 2003 data, slightly 35% of the population of the United Kingdom were placed in the 20-44 year old age bracket, comparable to 44per cent from the residential population of London. This bracket is particularly significant as it is creditworthy for rates of both economic activity and just about all births. at bottom the previous decade, purchasable data indicates that net migration into the United Kingdom averaged approximately 166,000 per annum(Office of National Statistics, 2003a Office of National Statistics,2003b). Furthermore, mingled with 2004 and 2031 the population of the country is estimated to increase by approximately 7.2 million, with 83per cent of this increase allegedly attributable to immigration (Office for National Statistics, 2005b)). These projections suggest that an estimated 1,003,000 sassy residential structures lead be indispensable for the subsequent 17 year period (Lords Hansard, 2004) to come with this substantial inward migration, approximating to 59,000 properties per annum. According to the 2001 Census, the population of the UnitedKingdoms second largest city, Birmingham, is approximately 977,000residents, and therefore, the projected trapping necessarys of future immigrants alone are monumental. Seventy per cent of recent immigration from aboard has been to London, however, in spite of appearance the past decade an chemical equilibrium has been achieved, with approximately 100,000 domestic residents vacating London, and relocating to opposite regions in the United Kingdom, as approximately 100,000 migrants arrive.It is virtually im manageable to accurately project for population chang es due(p) to illegal immigration, and therefore it is virtual(prenominal) to suggest that the net approximation of 172,000 migrants per annum for the subsequent two decades (2001 to 2021) is a minimal figure. However, without accurate statistics governing the immigration of illegal aliens to the United Kingdom, it is impractical to analyse total demographics migratory patterns. For the domestic population, the deficit in alteration is shortly problematic, however, worst-case scenario foresights suggest that a total caparison fate per annum may be closer to 155,000 a significant shortfall of 35,000 new residences, even later allowance for demolitions and conversions (Council of owe Lenders, 2003)). Appreciating the indispensablenesss of the domestic population in addition to migration, the requirement of adaptation per annum give, allegedly, approximate 200,000 new inglesides (Hamnett,2003). Subsequently, an increasing in building construction of approximately 66 per ce nt will be demand to integrate the change magnitude citizenry into the population.The United Kingdom is, essentially, grossly spur-of-the-moment for the current trends in inward population migration, predominantly the result of intimately inaccurate assumptions pretendd in demographic fortune tellings during the 1990s (Wrigley, 2004). These predictions suggested that the inward migration per annum from 1999 would approximate 65,000 individuals, however, data collated at the beginning of the twenty-first century indicated that a standpat(prenominal) figure for incoming migration approximated in excess of twice the skipperly predicted measure. The government-commissioned admit Statistics report illustrates the direct correlation between migration and significant alterations of population levels and structure, and metrical that an adjustment of asset or minus 40,000 in inbound migration per annum results in a variety in adult residential population by 2021 of approximat ely improver or minus 870,000 (Office for National Statistics, 2005b) With the exception of disease and epidemic control, in the twenty-first century the government has negligible control over earthy life-events, such as birth and death, however, administration of population changes relating to inbound migrationpatterns are possible, thereby directly influencing the lodgment requirements of the United Kingdom. condescension the limited projection of65,000 inbound migrants per annum, government estimations suggest that, between 1996 and 2021, approximately 700,000 new households would be created as a result of migration (Office of National Statistics, 2003b)The fiscal implications of migration and housing are numerous.Currently, the cost of appointment is unexampledly high, particularly for those in lower income brackets, which eer include labour forces essential to the construction and manufacturing industries. In recent decades the political reaction to this conundrum conf used the international recruitment of workers (Angrist and Kugler,2003), however, this has essentially resulted in an impasse a provided increase in the demand for try-on and encouraging an superficial migration of the crucial labour force to other(a) regions of the UnitedKingdom and, thus, necessitating the international recruitment of even more employees.It is plausible to deliver that inbound migration into London will continue to increase in the predictable future (Office of NationalStatistics, 2005b). Principally, this prediction is a result of the2004 admittance and inclusion of previously Communist nations into the European Union, an event which has the potential to increase in the quantity of legally-issued work permits, thereby encouraging the migration to London of citizens from these new EU piece states.Independent estimates suggest that, should this prediction be realised, inbound migration to London may farm by between 20 and 25 per cent,thus come along incr easing the instancy on the currently inadequate housing market, potentially doubling the requirement for new readjustment from immigration alone from approximately one million new homes to a figure close to two million (Council of Mortgage Lenders,2003). During the previous four-spot decades, however, rates of construction with regard to new houses shake significantly diminished. throughout the1960s, new housing projects attained a extremum of approximately350,000 per annum, however, the current rate of house building falls below 150,000 recognising the quantity of yearbook demolitions, the net quantity of new housing projects corresponds to a figure closer to120,000 (Office of the Deputy prime Minister, 2003).Literature reviewThe majority of studies relating to migratory patterns, daze on nightclub and the requirement of associated provisions have been largely undertaken by governmental bodies. However, some(prenominal) independent analyses indicate that the predictions of the government are fundamentally inaccurate due to the substantial error margin incurred via illegal migratory patterns, of both domestic residents and those immigrating from overseas (Dustmann et al., 2005). According to articles published in The Economist, London has absorbed approximately680,000 migrants from overseas without an explicit and visible loss of countryside or heritage areas (Hatton and Tani, 2005). Partially, this is the result of the renovation of disused industrial sites with previously skimp residential areas, such as the Docklands. However, it must as well be appreciated that migration to the city has resulted in an exponential rise in the price of land and seat in London, in resemblance to the rest of the United Kingdom, encouraging the natural population to take advantage of this market boom, sell property and move elsewhere.The effects of domestic and international migration on employment and associated finances are potentially underestimated (Hatto n and Tani,2005). The carnal knowledge equilibrium between the influx of migrants and there locating outbound innate population may mask, at a local anesthetic level, the economic and employment-related ramifications of migration, however, its moment to the economy of the entire country remains considerable. An resembling abstract of the migratory patterns and their associated denotes in the United States by Borjas (2003) indicates that the displacement of an indigenous population is an essential apparatus to encourage the dispersal of the effects of migration, thereby restricting any negative jounces from affecting solitary views. However, this assessment is contradicted in a similar study conducted by Card (2001). Within the United Kingdom, this issue has been analysed throughout two decades and reported by Hattonand Tani (2005), with a reliance on data accumulated from eleven regions via the National Health benefit Register and the foreign Passenger Survey. Conclusivel y, Hatton and Tani suggest that the effects of immigration are diffused beyond the immediately affected region, with an associated flow of migrants between regions the original settlement of inbound migrants and the subsequent displacement of prior inhabitants (Hatton and Tani, 2005). Unsurprisingly, these effects are not restricted to the tangible and readily visible issues surrounding accommodation, but also impact on regional and national economies, the religious and cultural structure of society, demographics relating to language, and employment. The result of migration on both the employment and housing markets involve significantly escalate competition, throughout the region and, eventually, throughout the country (Hatton and Tani, 2005). With a focus on London specifically, current data suggest that approximately forty-five inhabitants are routinely displaced by the inward migration of one hundred migrants, and, therefore, displacement is particularly concentrated in locatio ns experiencing significant immigration.However, data compiled and analysed by various authors, both academic and governmental, are intrinsically limited by the relevance of the sources used, particularly with regard to the lack of accurate data relating to illegal migration, and therefore many studies are ultimately considered to be statistically insignificant. This is an unlucky restriction applicable to any study assessing demographics,with a substantial counterbalance of the potential drive population in tender and virtually invisible. It is, therefore, exacting to acknowledge these limitations and present any such population study as representative only of the visible, official public.The quantity of households in London declined good during the1970s, however, this trend has since change by reversal and the inclination is predicted to increase exponentially. The Greater London liberty estimates that the increase in population, as a result of both natural life events and migration, will occur at a rate unprecedented sinceWorld War ii (Greater London Authority and the mayor of London, 2001).The change in social indite of the United Kingdom in the latter half of the twentieth century, including the prevalence for divorce and single habitation, inevitably attributed to the increase in population, however, these were not the primary causes. Though natural patterns and harvesting contributes to a large symmetry of the population increase in London, the recent surge in numbers of households in the capital is a direct result of inbound migration. This paper enlarge the accumulation of data from a variety of reports conducted into the scrutiny of the population of London. The majority of these studies demonstrate the significant correlation between migration patterns, handiness of employment, formation of households, property prices and income levels.When assessing the inbound migration of residents, particularly in spite of appearance specific bo roughs, it is virtually obligatory to also examine corresponding local labour markets and the endpoint displacement of sections of the population.The state of the housing market and its demand within London is specifically a matter of growth growth of the population, particularly set by inward migration, which directly drives the growth and development of households, which, in turn, results in the growth of the housing market and an change magnitude necessity for new properties in the locality. As a result of this demand for available residential properties within London, many residents have cashed in on the remunerative housing market, and subsequently investments in housing have yielded considerable profits. The demand for accommodation located in the South easternmost of England, and London specifically, as a result of both domestic and international migration, is currently surpassing the available summate. The cost of purchase a property, for first-time buyers in particula r, is far in excess of funds accessible to the majority of citizens this is a substantial problem for duel-income couples of reasonably sufficient earnings, however, the obstacle is exacerbated for individuals on low incomes and from unprivileged backgrounds. In particular, the economical human beings of buying properties is of concern to the skilled labour force, and is a problem aggravated by the inflationary affects of increased regional population through migration. Subsequently, a large proportion of the population, particularly in the relatively youthful populace of London, is reliant on the rental market for accommodation a orbit which has proven to be disproportionately expensive. Similarly, the homeless population is considered to be an increasing concern, particularly within city locations, and with an estimated 85,000 households allocated refuge in temporary accommodation in 2002 approximately 65% of these families included children, and the incommensurate statistical archetype of ethnic minorities in these figures is significant (Office of the Deputy prime quantity Minister, 2003).The projected dispersion of new households within the United Kingdom is asymmetrical, particularly throughout England (table 1) with the predominant concentration of 19.4% in the South eastern of the country, comparable to the corresponding estimation for the North East at 6.4%.(Table 1) Office of National Statistics (2003b) Revised international migration estimates 1992-2001. London, Office of National StatisticsCalculating via the estimated prediction of 172,000 inbound migrants per annum, and appreciating the requirement for one million adjuvant residential properties, the forecasted prodigality of households and percentage increase in each region impacted by net migration indicates that London will experience an increase of four times that of the North East (table 2). These data suggest that London is significantly more attractive as a settlement location than any other location in England, and will, by extrapolation, incur the majority of the burden for accommodation, further impacting on the current rental market. However, the theoretical impacted tooth of such an influx of migrants is incontrovertibly extensive, and, in practice, the probable response from London would involve the outward migration of the indigenous population to less densely live regions of the United Kingdom. such a movement of residents, however, would subsequently confer a significant economical, political and social influence on London.(Table 2) Office of National Statistics (2003b) Revised international migration estimates 1992-2001. London, Office of National Statistics(Table 3) Office of the Deputy Prime Minister (2003) Sustainable Communities Building for the Future. London, ODPMA more realistic consequence, however, involves the comparative distribution of population increase following inbound migration at an annual rate of 172,000 (table 3). side by si de(p) these calculation, it is possible to suggest that the one million extra residential properties necessary to accommodate migrants would be dispersed throughout the country relative to the principal projections calculated by the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, therefore implying that the quantities of new houses required would involve the construction of a further 25 per cent of dwellings throughout the South of England during the following two decades (Attanasio, et al., 2005). However, this region currently exhibits the highest house prices, the most densely populated residential areas and the least(prenominal) quantity of sluggish dwellings. The governments report analysing Sustainable Communities(Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, 2003) concludes that a vast quantities of actions are required to respond adequately to the projected requirement for accommodation in the twenty-first century,including a domesticate of the previously uneffective and ineffective planni ng system, and the development of the so-called growth areaslocated in the London/Stanstead/Cambridge corridor (LSC), the Thames Gateway, Ashford and Milton Keynes (Office of the Deputy PrimeMinister, 2003). By 2031, a possible 803,000 new dwellings are planned throughout the growth area, with the majority located in Milton Keynes and LSC regions (370,000 and 322,000 respectively). However, principal projections of households are dependent on the assumptionthat the inbound migration to the United Kingdom is restricted to an approximate figure of 65,000 per annum. If, therefore, net migrationis, in actuality, closer to the venture figure of 172,000, the increase in required new dwellings for migrants alone will equate to a figure approximating 430,000 (Attanasio, et al., 2005).The United Kingdom differs from the majority of European countries in that each individual city is responsible for providing their own population figures. Many other nations utilise commuter statistics to mod erate national urban population data, however, the United Kingdomsreluctance to employ these statistics continually results in branch and perplexity with regard to the definition and presentation of accurate population statistics for London and its region. In addition, confusion exists over the physical parameters ofLondon, Greater London and the metropolitan district, resulting in an abundance of erroneous statements and conclusions regarding the demographics of the capital. In 2001, the Greater London Authority recognised the significance of the developing patterns overbearing the population of London and the inaccuracies surrounding demographic studies, and subsequently conducted an official compendium of migratory and housing trends. The panel concluded that household and property statistics were previously unsound, and established that London demographics were manipulated by a variety of disparate determinants, with particular significance attributed to domestic and internat ional migratory trends, culturally determined differential coefficient household patterns, contrasting housing aspirations dependent on age bracket, and the disproportionately high prices and scant availability of property in the capital (Greater London Authority and the Mayor of London,2001).From varying studies it is possible to determine that the increase in the rate of population growth is in excess of the current and predicted supply of accommodation. Microcosmic analysis between boroughs suggests that the differential migration of London, in comparison with the peculiarity of the United Kingdom, is also replicated at municipal levels.The demographic profile of London indicates a remarkable diversity in ethnicity of the resident population. Approximately seventy-eight percent of the United Kingdoms black African population resides in London, with representation of the black Caribbean populace currently standing at sixty-one per cent, and in excess of half of the British popul ation of Bangladeshis reside in the capital (Dobson et al., 2001).When analysing the population of a capital city it is imperative to acknowledge the ethnic profile due to the associated impoverished state of both the residents themselves and their communities a significant majority of Londons ethnic population experiences below average incomes, poorer standards of habitation and poorer health when compared with the general population of the United Kingdom (Philips and Philips,1998).The Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, London, is considered to be affluent, progressive and prosperous, with a substantial population density in comparison to all other London boroughs. Kensington and Chelsea presents a total population of 158,919 citizens and a population density of people per hectare of 131.01 (Merriman, 2003).Contrastingly, Lambeth is a borough discompose by generic wine poverty, low income households and social deprivation, however, its population density is substantially less th an that of Kensington and Chelsea, currently at 99.42 people per hectare. in spite of the relatively exiguous distribution of people, however, the population of Lambeth is considerable, at approximately 270,500 registered citizens (Thrift,1994), and results in Lambeth being the largest inner London borough.Though struck with relatively significant levels of poverty, Lambeth enjoys one of the most culturally and socially diverse communities within the United Kingdom (Rex and Montserrat Guibernau i Berdun,1997). heathen minorities are well-represented within the Borough, with current data indicating that twenty-five percent of the Lambeth population consider themselves as black and four percent declaring their ethnicity as from the Indian Subcontinent approximately xxxiv per cent of the residential population in Lambeth are from ethnic minorities (Philips and Philips, 1998). The borough boasts the largest proportion of black Caribbean citizens in comparison with all other district s, and possesses the third largest representation of black Africans in London (Office for National Statistics, 2005b).According to the 2001 Census, 62% of Lambeths population considers themselves white, with black Caribbean and black African residents equally represented at approximately 12% of the population of the borough. Though not considered particularly densely populated in comparison with other inner London boroughs, with regard to residency, only thirty-seven per cent of the districts population consider themselves owner-occupiers. Despite the considerable ethnic medley represented in the borough, Lambeth has, in recent years, been accused of over-enthusiastically resorting to polAnalysis of Migrants in LondonAnalysis of Migrants in LondonThe capital of both England and the United Kingdom, throughout the previous two millennia London has proven to be an internationally significant political, cultural and commercial epicentre, particularly with regard to the recent phenomenon of globalisation. The population of London totals approximately seven million residents, the metropolitan area of which includes in excess of twelve million people.Its official formation dates to the first century AD, wherebyLondinium enjoyed the position of the capital of the Roman Empire in the province of Britannia (Anderson, 1996) by the eighteenth century London was considered the largest city in the world and the nucleus of the British Empire.London has long been a magnet for migrants, both domestic andinternational. The capital city has, for centuries, enjoyed a somewhatdelicate relationship with many cultures, religions and faiths, andwith a resident population representative of predominant globalnationalities (Sassen, 2001). In excess of two hundred languages arespoken in the capital, indicative of the importance of the city as anucleus for the immigration of refugees and migrants throughouthistory. The medieval era was a significantly active period for thesettlement of mi grants in London, particularly with immigrants fromEurope. Though encouraged by William the Conqueror, in the eleventh andtwelfth centuries, to relocate to England, the Jewish population weresubsequently ejected from the country during the thirteenth century(Montefiore Hyamson, 2001).The majority of the capitals international trade was controlled andmonopolised by the foreign merchants, themselves immigrants to thecity, and, as in the twentieth century, history has witnessed thedevelopment of specific industries and trades by the skilled foreignmigrants relocating to London. The presence of black minorities in thecity has been felt since the Tudor period, and, though many arrived asfree citizens, the slave trade in Africa consequentially increased theblack population of London significantly following the 1570s (Houston,1996). The metamorphosis of predominant religion in England, followingthe countrys estrangement from the Catholic Church, resulted in themigration of a momentous quan tity of persecuted Protestant refugeesfrom the Continent, the majority of which settled in London. Fourcenturies later, the Second World War culminated in the shortage ofcapable workers in the capital, and encouraged the migration of labourto London from Europe until the early 1960s, England was active in thecolonies of the West Indies and India, recruiting labour for the worstaffected areas of the United Kingdom. Subsequently, British citizensfrom colonial nations, such as those Cypriot citizens dispossessed bythe invasion of Turkey, have sought refuge in the capital, and the cityremains a sanctuary for foreign citizens living in fear or persecutedby problematic regimes. In addition, and similar to many capitalcities, London attracts many domestic migrants from across the UK, asignificant number of which augment the homeless population of theregion.In the twentieth century, the continual influx of a variety ofcultures, ethnicities and religions has resulted in a capital city thatis extremely diverse, energetic and dynamic (Kymlicka, 1996). London iscurrently one of the most substantial cities, with a total land area of1,584 km2, and is considered the most heavily populated city in Europewith approximately 7.4 million inhabitants and a ratio of approximately4,665 individuals per km2 in the European Union, London is third onlyto Paris and Brussels with regard to population density figures(Kershen, 1997). As such, it is unremarkable, therefore, that a rapidlychanging population structure should affect and impinge upon both theeconomy and housing market. According to recent research conducted bythe Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors, rental costs areincreasingly exponentially as a result of the significantly high demandfor property (HM Treasury and Office of the Deputy Prime Minister,2005). This paper will attempt to review the increase in immigration toLondon, specifically contrast data from two economically and culturallycontrasting boroughs, explicitly K ensington and Lambeth. The paper willalso assess the economic effects of migration to the city, particularlywith regard to the associated increase in rental costs and deficienciesin the housing market.Table 1 Household projections (based on principal projections). Officeof National Statistics (2003b) Revised international migrationestimates 1992-2001. London, Office of National StatisticsTable 2 Household projections (based on 172,000 per annum net migration) regional spread based on regional net overseas inward migration rates. Office of National Statistics (2003b) Revised international migration estimates 1992-2001. London, Office of National StatisticsTable 3 Household projections (based on 172,000 per annum netmigration) regional spread of increases as per the principal projections. Office of the Deputy Prime Minister (2003) SustainableCommunities Building for the Future. London, ODPMTable 4 Greater London migration 1991-2001, in thousands. Office of national Statistics (2003b) Revised international migration estimates1992-2001. London, Office of National StatisticsThe arrival the Normans to Britain, and their subsequent invasion, heralded a new era of political, religious and economic migrations to the United Kingdom. The anti-Semitic sentiments throughout the continent encouraged the migration of Jewish merchants and craftsmen to London, though the Jewish communities remained purposefully insular and burial provisions were restricted to a single Jewish cemetery until1177 (Montefiore Hyamson, 2001). The seemingly global opinion of London as a political and religious refuge for the persecuted, the displaced and the dispossessed has continued for a further millennium, and subsequently, the capital has evolved into a multi-cultural,multi-ethnicity amalgamation that appears irresistible to many domestic and foreign migrants into the twenty-first century (Kymlicka, 1996).Londons reputation as a quintessentially global city, considered by some commentators to b e the most international city in the world, can trace its history to its relative tolerance towards culturally diverse residents a phenomenon which was emphasised during the post-colonial migration of British citizens from former Empire nations (Favell,2001). In addition, the latter decades of the twentieth century witnessed remarkable exoduses from the ecumenical labour market, with significant, though largely not quantified, migration into London. To many international observers, London appears to be the zenith of contrariness. Geographically, the city maintains its manufacturing and service industries in the northern and southern regions, with business, financial and retail districts dominating the centre of London (Sassen, 2001). In 2004, the city and its thirty-two boroughs exhibited anestimated 7,421,228 residents giving London the status of the jointmost populated city in Europe (in addition to Moscow) (Wrigley, 2004), however, the accuracy of population data for the capital is perpetually under debate due to its reliance on resident participation in returning official surveys, and subsequent analyses proposed that the population on Census Day totalled a figure approximating 7.3 million inhabitants. Indeed, the governmental estimation of the citys populace conducted in 2003 suggested that the official figure is approximately 7,387,900 (Office of National Statistics, 2003a).The population of London is directly and significantly affected and altered by both migration and the natural life-events of birth and death. While the birth and death rate of the city has, in recent decades, remained reasonably stable as a result of the deficit infectious disease and significant military conflict (Office for national Statistics, 2005a), the population is continually and incomparably influenced by migratory trends. London exhibits a disproportionately high demographic of citizens within the 20-44 year old age bracket, a feature directly attributable to inbound domesti c and foreign migration. Relying on the official 2001 Census alone, migration figures in the 12 month period prior to the research suggest that Greater London favoured comparably with the remainder of the United Kingdom, both possessing an inward migration equating to approximately 12% of the residential population. The Census indicated that Inner London, however, had experienced a markedly higher migratory influx, with approximately 17.5% of the population represented. Similarly, migration from abroad totaled approximately 1.2% of the population for outer London, however, this contrasts significantly with the foreign inbound migration statistics for inner London, which approximate 2.5%. It is, however, imperative to appreciate thatimmigration into the United Kingdom is frequently and substantiallychallenged by illegal entry, and, inevitably, any figures relating tomigration from aboard are conceivably underrepresented. (Office ofNational Statistics, 2001 table KS24)Statistics for t he United Kingdom indicate a prevalence of females than males in the population, with an average across age brackets of 50.7%(Office for National Statistics, 2005a) and predominantly more females than males in all age brackets post-30 years. London conforms to this trend, with an average proportion of females at 50.6 per cent. However,the profile of London with regard to the demographics of age, and in contrast with the United Kingdom as a whole, indicates that residents in the capital incline towards younger than average age brackets the mean age for the United Kingdom is approximately 38.9, compared to 36.5for the resident population of London (Office for National Statistics,2005a). From data collated in 2003, the under-7 and 22-43 year old age bracket are significantly overrepresented in London in comparison to the population of the United Kingdom, however, representation in other age brackets from the London data is appreciably lower, with notably fewer people presenting in the 12-15 and 49+ age brackets. From the same 2003 data, approximately 35% of the population of the United Kingdom were placed in the 20-44 year old age bracket, comparable to 44per cent from the residential population of London. This bracket is particularly significant as it is responsible for rates of both economic activity and virtually all births.Within the previous decade, available data indicates that net migration into the United Kingdom averaged approximately 166,000 per annum(Office of National Statistics, 2003a Office of National Statistics,2003b). Furthermore, between 2004 and 2031 the population of the country is estimated to increase by approximately 7.2 million, with 83per cent of this increase allegedly attributable to immigration (Office for National Statistics, 2005b)). These projections suggest that an estimated 1,003,000 new residential structures will be required for the subsequent 17 year period (Lords Hansard, 2004) to contend with this substantial inbound migratio n, approximating to 59,000 properties per annum. According to the 2001 Census, the population of the UnitedKingdoms second largest city, Birmingham, is approximately 977,000residents, and therefore, the projected housing requirements of future immigrants alone are monumental. Seventy per cent of recent immigration from aboard has been to London, however, within the past decade an equilibrium has been achieved, with approximately 100,000 domestic residents vacating London, and relocating to other regions in the United Kingdom, as approximately 100,000 migrants arrive.It is virtually unimaginable to accurately project for population changes due to illegal immigration, and therefore it is realistic to suggest that the net approximation of 172,000 migrants per annum for the subsequent two decades (2001 to 2021) is a minimum figure. However, without accurate statistics governing the immigration of illegal aliens to the United Kingdom, it is impractical to analyse total demographics migra tory patterns. For the domestic population, the deficit in accommodation is currently problematic, however, worst-case scenario predictions suggest that a total housing requirement per annum may be closer to 155,000 a significant shortfall of 35,000 new residences, even after allowance for demolitions and conversions (Council ofMortgage Lenders, 2003)). Appreciating the requirements of the domestic population in addition to migration, the requirement of accommodation per annum will, allegedly, approximate 200,000 new houses (Hamnett,2003). Subsequently, an increasing in building construction of approximately 66 per cent will be essential to integrate the increased citizenry into the population.The United Kingdom is, fundamentally, grossly unprepared for the current trends in inbound population migration, predominantly the result of considerably inaccurate assumptions involved in demographic predictions during the 1990s (Wrigley, 2004). These predictions suggested that the inward mi gration per annum from 1999 would approximate 65,000 individuals, however, data collated at the beginning of the twenty-first century indicated that a conservative figure for inbound migration approximated in excess of twice the originally predicted quantity. The government-commissioned Housing Statistics report illustrates the direct correlation between migration and significant alterations of population levels and structure, and calculated that an adjustment of plus or minus 40,000 in inbound migration per annum results in a difference in adult residential population by 2021 of approximately plus or minus 870,000 (Office for National Statistics, 2005b) With the exception of disease and epidemic control, in the twenty-first century the government has negligible control over natural life-events, such as birth and death, however, administration of population changes relating to inbound migrationpatterns are possible, thereby directly influencing the housing requirements of the United Kingdom. Despite the limited projection of65,000 inbound migrants per annum, government estimations suggest that, between 1996 and 2021, approximately 700,000 new households would be created as a result of migration (Office of National Statistics, 2003b)The financial implications of migration and housing are numerous.Currently, the cost of accommodation is unprecedentedly high, particularly for those in lower income brackets, which invariably include labour forces essential to the construction and manufacturing industries. In recent decades the political reaction to this conundrum involved the international recruitment of workers (Angrist and Kugler,2003), however, this has essentially resulted in an impasse a further increase in the demand for accommodation and encouraging an outward migration of the crucial labour force to other regions of the UnitedKingdom and, thus, necessitating the international recruitment of even more employees.It is plausible to assume that inbound migrati on into London will continue to increase in the foreseeable future (Office of NationalStatistics, 2005b). Principally, this prediction is a result of the2004 admittance and inclusion of previously Communist nations into the European Union, an event which has the potential to increase in the quantity of legally-issued work permits, thereby encouraging the migration to London of citizens from these new EU member states.Independent estimates suggest that, should this prediction be realised, inbound migration to London may rise by between 20 and 25 per cent,thus further increasing the pressure on the currently inadequate housing market, potentially doubling the requirement for new accommodation from immigration alone from approximately one million new homes to a figure close to two million (Council of Mortgage Lenders,2003). During the previous four decades, however, rates of construction with regard to new houses have significantly diminished. Throughout the1960s, new housing projects attained a pinnacle of approximately350,000 per annum, however, the current rate of house building falls below 150,000 recognising the quantity of annual demolitions, the net quantity of new housing projects corresponds to a figure closer to120,000 (Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, 2003).Literature reviewThe majority of studies relating to migratory patterns, impact on society and the requirement of associated provisions have been largely undertaken by governmental bodies. However, several independent analyses indicate that the predictions of the government are fundamentally inaccurate due to the substantial error margin incurred via illegal migratory patterns, of both domestic residents and those immigrating from overseas (Dustmann et al., 2005). According to articles published in The Economist, London has absorbed approximately680,000 migrants from overseas without an explicit and visible loss of countryside or heritage areas (Hatton and Tani, 2005). Partially, this is the res ult of the redevelopment of disused industrial sites with previously scant residential areas, such as the Docklands. However, it must also be appreciated that migration to the city has resulted in an exponential rise in the price of land and property in London, in comparison to the rest of the United Kingdom, encouraging the indigenous population to take advantage of this market boom, sell property and relocate elsewhere.The effects of domestic and international migration on employment and associated finances are potentially underestimated (Hatton and Tani,2005). The relative equilibrium between the influx of migrants and there locating outbound indigenous population may mask, at a local level, the economic and employment-related ramifications of migration, however, its significance to the economy of the entire country remains considerable. An equivalent analysis of the migratory patterns and their associated concerns in the United States by Borjas (2003) indicates that the displace ment of an indigenous population is an essential apparatus to encourage the dispersal of the effects of migration, thereby restricting any negative impacts from affecting solitary locations. However, this assessment is contradicted in a similar study conducted by Card (2001). Within the United Kingdom, this issue has been analysed throughout two decades and reported by Hattonand Tani (2005), with a reliance on data accumulated from eleven regions via the National Health Service Register and the International Passenger Survey. Conclusively, Hatton and Tani suggest that the effects of immigration are diffused beyond the immediately affected region, with an associated flow of migrants between regions the original settlement of inbound migrants and the subsequent displacement of prior inhabitants (Hatton and Tani, 2005). Unsurprisingly, these effects are not restricted to the tangible and readily visible issues surrounding accommodation, but also impact on regional and national economie s, the religious and cultural structure of society, demographics relating to language, and employment. The consequence of migration on both the employment and housing markets involve significantly intensified competition, throughout the region and, eventually, throughout the country (Hatton and Tani, 2005). With a focus on London specifically, current data suggest that approximately forty-five inhabitants are routinely displaced by the inward migration of one hundred migrants, and, therefore, displacement is particularly concentrated in locations experiencing significant immigration.However, data compiled and analysed by various authors, both academic and governmental, are intrinsically limited by the relevance of the sources used, particularly with regard to the lack of accurate data relating to illegal migration, and therefore many studies are ultimately considered to be statistically insignificant. This is an unfortunate restriction applicable to any study assessing demographics, with a substantial proportion of the potential target population in accessible and virtually invisible. It is, therefore, imperative to acknowledge these limitations and present any such population study as representative only of the visible, official public.The quantity of households in London declined considerably during the1970s, however, this trend has since reversed and the inclination is predicted to increase exponentially. The Greater London Authority estimates that the increase in population, as a result of both natural life events and migration, will occur at a rate unprecedented sinceWorld War Two (Greater London Authority and the Mayor of London, 2001).The change in social profile of the United Kingdom in the latter half of the twentieth century, including the prevalence for divorce and single habitation, inevitably attributed to the increase in population, however, these were not the primary causes. Though natural patterns and growth contributes to a large proportion of the population increase in London, the recent surge in numbers of households in the capital is a direct result of inbound migration. This paper details the accumulation of data from a variety of reports conducted into the examination of the population of London. The majority of these studies demonstrate the significant correlation between migration patterns, accessibility of employment, formation of households, property prices and income levels.When assessing the inbound migration of residents, particularly within specific boroughs, it is virtually obligatory to also examine corresponding local labour markets and the resultant displacement of sections of the population.The state of the housing market and its demand within London is specifically a matter of growth growth of the population, particularly driven by inward migration, which directly drives the growth and development of households, which, in turn, results in the growth of the housing market and an increased necessity for n ew properties in the locality. As a result of this demand for available residential properties within London, many residents have cashed in on the remunerative housing market, and subsequently investments in housing have yielded considerable profits. The demand for accommodation located in the South East of England, and London specifically, as a result of both domestic and international migration, is currently surpassing the available supply. The cost of buying a property, for first-time buyers in particular, is far in excess of funds accessible to the majority of citizens this is a substantial problem for duel-income couples of reasonably sufficient earnings, however, the difficulty is exacerbated for individuals on low incomes and from unprivileged backgrounds. In particular, the economical reality of buying properties is of concern to the skilled labour force, and is a problem aggravated by the inflationary affects of increased regional population through migration. Subsequently, a large proportion of the population, particularly in the relatively youthful populace of London, is reliant on the rental market for accommodation a sector which has proven to be disproportionately expensive. Similarly, the homeless population is considered to be an increasing concern, particularly within city locations, and with an estimated 85,000 households allocated refuge in temporary accommodation in 2002 approximately 65% of these families included children, and the incommensurate statistical representation of ethnic minorities in these figures is significant (Office of the DeputyPrime Minister, 2003).The projected dispersion of new households within the United Kingdom is asymmetrical, particularly throughout England (table 1) with the predominant concentration of 19.4% in the South East of the country, comparable to the corresponding estimation for the North East at 6.4%.(Table 1) Office of National Statistics (2003b) Revised international migration estimates 1992-2001. Lo ndon, Office of National StatisticsCalculating via the estimated prediction of 172,000 inbound migrants per annum, and appreciating the requirement for one million supplementary residential properties, the forecasted profusion of households and percentage increase in each region impacted by net migration indicates that London will experience an increase of four times that of the North East (table 2). These data suggest that London is significantly more attractive as a settlement location than any other location in England, and will, by extrapolation, incur the majority of the burden for accommodation, further impacting on the current rental market. However, the theoretical impingement of such an influx of migrants is incontrovertibly extensive, and, in practice, the probable response from London would involve the outward migration of the indigenous population to less densely populated regions of the United Kingdom. Such a movement of residents, however, would subsequently confer a s ignificant economical, political and social influence on London.(Table 2) Office of National Statistics (2003b) Revised international migration estimates 1992-2001. London, Office of National Statistics(Table 3) Office of the Deputy Prime Minister (2003) Sustainable Communities Building for the Future. London, ODPMA more realistic consequence, however, involves the proportional distribution of population increase following inbound migration at an annual rate of 172,000 (table 3). Following these calculation, it is possible to suggest that the one million additional residential properties necessary to accommodate migrants would be dispersed throughout the country relative to the principal projections calculated by the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, therefore implying that the quantities of new houses required would involve the construction of a further 25 per cent of dwellings throughout the South of England during the following two decades (Attanasio, et al., 2005). However, t his region currently exhibits the highest house prices, the most densely populated residential areas and the least quantity of unoccupied dwellings. The governments report analysing Sustainable Communities(Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, 2003) concludes that a vast quantities of actions are required to respond adequately to the projected requirement for accommodation in the twenty-first century,including a reform of the previously inefficient and ineffective planning system, and the development of the so-called growth areaslocated in the London/Stanstead/Cambridge corridor (LSC), the Thames Gateway, Ashford and Milton Keynes (Office of the Deputy PrimeMinister, 2003). By 2031, a possible 803,000 new dwellings are planned throughout the growth area, with the majority located in Milton Keynes and LSC regions (370,000 and 322,000 respectively). However, principal projections of households are dependent on the assumptionthat the inbound migration to the United Kingdom is restricted to an approximate figure of 65,000 per annum. If, therefore, net migrationis, in actuality, closer to the suspected figure of 172,000, the increase in required new dwellings for migrants alone will equate to a figure approximating 430,000 (Attanasio, et al., 2005).The United Kingdom differs from the majority of European countries in that each individual city is responsible for providing their own population figures. Many other nations utilise commuter statistics to determine national urban population data, however, the United Kingdomsreluctance to employ these statistics continually results in complication and perplexity with regard to the definition and presentation of accurate population statistics for London and its region. In addition, confusion exists over the physical parameters ofLondon, Greater London and the metropolitan district, resulting in an abundance of erroneous statements and conclusions regarding the demographics of the capital. In 2001, the Greater London Authori ty recognised the significance of the developing patterns controlling the population of London and the inaccuracies surrounding demographic studies, and subsequently conducted an official analysis of migratory and housing trends. The panel concluded that household and property statistics were previously unsound, and established that London demographics were manipulated by a variety of disparate determinants, with particular significance attributed to domestic and international migratory trends, culturally determined differential household patterns, contrasting housing aspirations dependent on age bracket, and the disproportionately high prices and scant availability of property in the capital (Greater London Authority and the Mayor of London,2001).From varying studies it is possible to determine that the increase in the rate of population growth is in excess of the current and predicted supply of accommodation. Microcosmic analysis between boroughs suggests that the differential mig ration of London, in comparison with the remainder of the United Kingdom, is also replicated at municipal levels.The demographic profile of London indicates a remarkable diversity in ethnicity of the resident population. Approximately seventy-eight percent of the United Kingdoms black African population resides in London, with representation of the black Caribbean populace currently standing at sixty-one per cent, and in excess of half of the British population of Bangladeshis reside in the capital (Dobson et al., 2001).When analysing the population of a capital city it is imperative to acknowledge the ethnic profile due to the associated impoverished state of both the residents themselves and their communities a significant majority of Londons ethnic population experiences below average incomes, poorer standards of habitation and poorer health when compared with the general population of the United Kingdom (Philips and Philips,1998).The Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, London, is considered to be affluent, progressive and prosperous, with a substantial population density in comparison to all other London boroughs. Kensington and Chelsea presents a total population of 158,919 citizens and a population density of people per hectare of 131.01 (Merriman, 2003).Contrastingly, Lambeth is a borough afflicted by generic poverty, low income households and social deprivation, however, its population density is considerably less than that of Kensington and Chelsea, currently at 99.42 people per hectare. Despite the relatively meager distribution of people, however, the population of Lambeth is considerable, at approximately 270,500 registered citizens (Thrift,1994), and results in Lambeth being the largest inner London borough.Though stricken with relatively significant levels of poverty, Lambeth enjoys one of the most culturally and socially diverse communities within the United Kingdom (Rex and Montserrat Guibernau i Berdun,1997). Ethnic minorities are well-represen ted within the Borough, with current data indicating that twenty-five percent of the Lambeth population consider themselves as black and four percent declaring their ethnicity as from the Indian Subcontinent approximately thirty-four per cent of the residential population in Lambeth are from ethnic minorities (Philips and Philips, 1998). The borough boasts the largest proportion of black Caribbean citizens in comparison with all other districts, and possesses the third largest representation of black Africans in London (Office for National Statistics, 2005b).According to the 2001 Census, 62% of Lambeths population considers themselves white, with black Caribbean and black African residents equally represented at approximately 12% of the population of the borough. Though not considered particularly densely populated in comparison with other inner London boroughs, with regard to residency, only thirty-seven per cent of the districts population consider themselves owner-occupiers. Desp ite the considerable ethnic medley represented in the borough, Lambeth has, in recent years, been accused of over-enthusiastically resorting to pol