Discussion of the history of cosmetics Essay Example for Free

Discussion of the history of cosmetics EssayThe dawn of modern cosmetics began divided into the following categories Grolier (2005 188-191). a. Powders face powder normally contains talk, chalk, kaolin, and mixtures of zinc oxide, titanium oxide and various powdered pigments. Properly prepared, this mixture spreads easily, adheres to the skin, and absorbs some moisture. b. Emulsions these are fine particles of oil dispersed in water. Vanishing creams and cold creams are examples of emulsions. paper thin emulsions, which contain more water relative to the oil content, are designd as cleansing lotions and hand creams. c.Lipsticks this is made up of oils, such as high hat oil, mixed with waxes and pigments or dyes, and hardened into molds. Since the materials used in manufacturing lipsticks are actually taken into the body, the choice of ingredients is limited to those which are known or assumed to be non-toxic. d. Eye Makeup these are eyebrow pencils, eye shadow, and mascar a are, like lipstick, compounds of oil, wax and pigments. They, too, must be made of non-toxic or non-injurious materials. Cosmetics have come a commodious way in modern history and played a signifi tooshiet role in adorning both men and women for various occasions.It has been so widely-used that its functions have traversed into extremes for beautification purposes it can either conceal or flaunt an asset of a person. It can serve as mask or a highlighter. This just means that it has the capacity to change the appearance of the person according to the manner it was used. At the end of the day, personal psyche dictates that every person intends or strives to become pleasant to the look of the millions of people around him or her. What is beautiful has also changed over the eld. The definition of what is beautiful goes across regions, beliefs, religion and societal perceptions.Burke (200375-77) According to the twentieth hundred philosopher Charles Hartshorne, Beauty is the cent erpiece of this classical trinity and that nothing in our experience is exempt from the touch of the beautiful. Beyond aesthetics, what is beautiful is how one perceives it to be, in that if he or she can find beauty in there. Therefore, the quality of what is beautiful has emerged from mere prettiness or elaborate ornamentation into an instrument of life towards pick in the continuous evolution of life in this planet.It can be found that the link between biology and beauty has dictated the development of human and other species. Scientific studies strengthens the debate that the beautiful will emerge as the survivors given that their counterparts find them more attractive than the rest and that they are perceived to experience the most beautiful offsprings. In this biological quest for a successful and healthy reproduction process, the preference is indeed given to those mates who appear healthy. A healthy individual is visually manifested in their skin and hair, by the movement of their body, by a proportioned and toned body.These are the people judged to be beautiful. If the experts are crystallize in these assumptions or scientific observations, men usually look for women who appear young and fertile. This is where cosmetics leverage onto. Burke (200375-77) The cosmetic industry tries to address this so-called withdraw that women continue to appear young despite already going beyond their fertile or child-bearing years. Nevertheless, beyond the need to reproduce our genes, the core of beauty stock-still delves on the ability of a person to identify and bring out the beauty in their lives.We need not generate only life in this world, but also generate beauty that will make life even more worthwhile. It is the appreciation of beauty in our surroundings even without the use of any form of artificial adornment such as cosmetics that will enable one to realize the beauty of life, that it is worth-knowing and worth living after all. Given how definitive t he nation for beauty is perceived across nations, and beyond borders, how cosmetics value this perception and its effects to the human well- being is crucial.Dermatological diseases have sprung in the recent years that come in a range from minor cosmetic problems to even life-threatening problems, as displayed in some disorders commonly due to skin differentiation processes. Zeeuwen (2004176). With this statement, one should also be vigilant and be a knowledgeable end-user of these products that attempt to change certain elements of your natural state of appearance or being to some extent. The law of economics reminds us that with in every level of quality increased, price is directly affected as it is directly correlated.

How Do the Sacred Texts and Beliefs of Islam or Christianity Essay Example for Free

How Do the Sacred Texts and Beliefs of Islam or Christianity EssayHow do the Sacred Texts and beliefs of Islam OR Christianity, in knead a Religion that is relevant to contemporary adherents? In todays society, unlike many years ago religion is not seen as an important part of peoples lives. People are way to busy or so they think to be wasting their time with religion, and church. But for those who do believe in a religion, especi onlyy those from the Islamic religion, they take part in a religion that was formed hundreds of years ago, still using and believing in the same scared texts and beliefs. Islamic environmental ethics are drawn from the 3 underpinning principle beliefs, that are the 3 central concepts of Islam and the pillars of Islamic environmental ethics. Tawhid a belief brought upon many many years ago, is the belief of Unity. It believes in the Unity and union of tout ensemble created by Allah and that unity is reflected in the created world, thus the Tawhid dema nds that the integrity of the created world be maintained by balance and harmony. The whole earth has been created a organize of worship, pure and clean. Hadith The Khalifa, belief in Stewardship, is the belief that Allah has make humans responsible for on the whole creation and with this involves appropriate use of resources for human needs. It is He that has made you custodians inheritors of the earth. (Quran Surah 6165) Akrah is the belief of accountability, Muslims believe that they will be judged on how they have acted, and ones treatment of gods created world. The sources of ethical teachings, and the relationship between humans and the universe is outlined in the Quran, Hadith and Sharia.It is defined in Quran as based on meditation of the universe and what it contains, sustainable utilization and development for human benefit, care and nurture increase beyond humans to the benefit of created beings. The haj is an obligation which fulfils one of the five pillars of Isl am required of a Muslim at least once in a lifetime for those financially and physically able those who can make their way there. It is a faithful submission to the will of Allah. And trip to the House is officer upon men for the sake of Allah Surah 396. Before embarking on this miraculous journey, pilgrims must redress all wrongs, organise funds for the journey and the family being left behind, and formulate themselves for good conduct during the Hajj. The Journey then goes for 5 full days, starting officially on the 8th day of Dhul-Hijjah. After completing the Hajj with all rites performed, pilgrims have earned the right to be called al-Hajj or al-Hajji.The Hajj expresses the beliefs of Islam through commemorating important religious events. These include Abraham and his son Ishmael built the Kaba, and complete the rituals of the Hajj to reflect his life, Muhammads last sermon on Arafat, Jamra symbolises Abraham throwing stones at Satan who tried to dissuade him from sacrific ing Isaac, and Nahr reflects Allah replacing Isaac with a sacrificial lamb. The Hajj reinforces sound islamic concepts with the Five Pillars of Faith.Shahada, the declaration of faith that there is no god but Allah and Muhammed is the messenger of Allah is expressed through the Hajj by Talbiya (a prayer that states the pilgrimage is only for the glory of Allah) and through Mount Arafat (the place of Muhammads last sermon, where all are closest to Allah) Salat, the 5 daily prayers is expressed through the Hajj as the Hajj is a period where pilgrims are directly communicating with Allah and Muslims are in actual proximity of the Kaba.Zakat, Almsgiving is shown through the Hajj as the vegetable marrow sacrificed or money given for nahr is distributed amongst family, friends and the poor, it also shows the obligation of the wealthy to the poor and Ihram, which means that money and status are not a factor for pilgrims and that all are equal. Sawm, fasting is expressed through the Hajj as it is a time of prayer, meditation and asking for forgiveness, as well as the Say as it re-enacts Hajars search for food empathy for hunger.Al-Akhira is believed to be the world to come, Muslims believe in an afterlife where they will be held accountable for their lives (Akhra), they believe that by participating in the Hajj there is a greater prospect of reward in the afterlife. The Hajj is not only significant to the individual but also to the community. The Hajj is significant to the individual as the Hajj is an chance for Muslims to experience spiritual rebirth and develop a sense of consciousness in Allah.It is also opportunity to reassess and confirm their Islamic beliefs. The Hajj provides opportunity for the pilgrim to improve their spirituality through worship, hardship and salat. It focuses the individual on jihad sacrificing time, skills, money and struggling against immaterial evils. Enables the pilgrims renewal through cleansing from sin. whoever performs the Hajj will come home like a newborn.The Hajj reinforces Allahs mercy and compassionateness as it exceeds His anger by forgiving the sins of the sinful creation by declaring an absolute pardon for every pilgrim upon completion of the accepted rituals of Hajj. The individual strengthens their relationship with Allah and gains a greater understanding of Islamic history and has a better prospect of reward in the afterlife. The Hajj is significant to the community as the Hajj is a sign of unity, equality and a sense of pride in the global umma as they pray together and are equal in the ihram garments.It brings together Muslims of all races to from a fellowship for such a significant practice in the Islamic faith, and the hajj acts as a universal reminder of the blessing of Allah on humanity of our diversity and the brotherhood to worship the one Allah. As the Hajj and Environmental ethics apply themselves with todays contemporary society, the beliefs and sacred texts are used to form ideas of how to look after the environment and why it is necessary to participate in the Hajj.

Theological Reflection Approach on Practice

Theological Reflection Approach on PracticeA written check on practice (1,500 words)Rational of the Theological Reflection ApproachI have decided to physical exercise the Imagination and Spiritual Wisdom approach to this theological reflection because it allows for a deep understanding of the experience and the feelings involved. Then it progresses into creating an image from those feelings and by questioning the image we whitethorn develop an insight to what was really happening and use theology to help us to understand this insight. Thus, leading to action or an understanding of future actions in similar events.1Thick DescriptionSomeone in the church (A) was organising a surprise party for the vicar and his wife (VW) for their 25th wedding anniversary with permission from the rest of the family. They were organising it as a friend and non as a particle of the congregation and therefore it was a non-church event. It was mentioned to people in the church as they would obviously b e invited as friends of the couple. There was an element of focus betwixt certain members of the congregation as they felt that it should have been done through church and this was expressed to the church wardens, who had alike been asked to help with the party, and A. This light-emitting diode to a disagreement between A and another member of the congregation (B) one Sunday morning before the service. This was witnessed by a few people although they could not hear what was being said. It did however turn out that this issue was resolved quickly once tensions had calmed down.The untaught occurrence came from someone (J) who had witnessed this altercation. J has been a member of the congregation for many years and has developed a close bucolic relationship with the vicar and his wife and the member of the congregation. She was concerned nearly how B had be toughened through this situation. Over the course of the week various messages had been sent via social media between A, J and various others in the congregation about this altercation, the party in general and views about it. The messages had become somewhat hurtful and not appropriate. J had become quite upset about it and went to speak to the VW to ask if A would substantiation sending messages to her. J did say that she could not go into detail about the messages and why they had started in the first place as she did not want to subvert the surprise.It transpires that the messages continued to be sent with A convinced that the surprise had be big and was placing the blame towards J. Due to wanting to keep the surprise J contacted myself. I met with J on a Friday evening in church with most of the meeting explaining what had transpired all over the past week. J was genuinely agitated and angry about what was happening in names of the messages. I allowed her to speak and reassured her that I was listening to what was being said besides clear that I was not agreeing with her public opinion ab out A although was sympathetic towards her feelings about what had happened. I was also certain that J did not like A but the reason for this was unknown to me. Others had also noticed this dislike and I mentioned this to J. I also pointed out that A was a liked person and people were viewing Js actions as not very nice. J took exception to this comment and defended what she had said and done by saying that something had happened with A in a previous church that none of us were aware of.The meeting concluded with a decision that I would speak to A and ask for the messages to stop, that I would reassure A also that J had not spoiled the surprise, J agreed that she would not respond to any messages that were sent to her in regards to the party or anything else along similar lines. We finished by praying and J thanked me for listening.Feelings2.1 Reflections on Personal Feelings of the lieuPersonally, the whole situation felt a little petty and had no feelings towards this situation and felt that this could be sorted out. Yet I was aware there would need to be further reconciliation of J and A as feelings ran deep of dislike towards each other.2.2 Reflection on Js Feelings of the SituationThe feelings that were clearly visible by J in this situation wereAnger towards A because of the altercation with BFrustration asked for the messages to stop and they had continuedShock she had been challenged over her attitude towards APower k saucily in homunculusation that no one else knew about AWhen reflecting on these feelings being displayed I felt that the underlying elements to all of this was a sense of jealousy towards A and the VWs newly formed friendship and therefore an element of displacement by J in her relationship, which was ultimately a pastoral one, with VW.ImageBased on the feelings mentioned above the image that comes to mind isThis image shows the child-like nature of the situation (the messages sent via social media), the expulsion or perceived exc lusion of one from a group, and finally the two who have paired off not being aware of the person or the feelings of the person who has been excluded.Theology4.1 scriptural PassagesThe biblical passages that reflect jealousy which could speak into this situation areGenesis 37 Joseph and his comrades being jealous of his relationship with their father.Proverbs 27.4 Anger is cruel and fury overwhelming, but who can stand against jealousy?Luke 10.38-42 Mary and Martha being with JesusGenesis 4 Cain and Abel and the jealousy of how God favoured themMark 1035-45 James and John asking to sit at the right and left hand of Jesus and the reaction of the rest of the disciplesReflections on the Biblical Passage Genesis 37The passage that I felt reflected this situation the best was of Joseph and his brothers being jealous. Joseph receiving his coat from Jacob is a sign of love towards his son to the exclusion of the other sons/brothers. The brothers reaction to this situation was one t hat led to Joseph being separated from his family as they sold him to be a slave.The brothers reaction could not be hidden within them but was publicly acknowledged between them and towards Joseph himself with a lack of greeting or salutation.2The selling of Joseph should not have happened, and was not actually planned but the opportunistic nature of the brothers, brought a situation to pass which ultimately was used by God for a greater purpose (Gen. 50.20). The hatching of a plan to tell Jacob about the death of Joseph had wider issues for the brother as their fathers grief was great. 3The brothers jealousy led to the pain of Joseph as a slave and then in prison. The pain of Jacob in the act of grief over Joseph, the story does not tell us of the life of the brothers and Jacob but the grief would have been a long running issue within the house hold. The brothers had to populate with knowing that they had caused this grief.Parallels between the Thick Description and Biblical Passa geIf the people in the thick description were the biblical characters it would be A was Joseph, J was the brothers, VW was Jacob and to an result I was the caravan of Ishmaelites.Js jealousy of A was great and in effect trying to sell A to me as someone who was of no value and a trouble maker. Reflecting on this now I could see that if this was to carry on then there could be great pain for VW in the long term and then the ripple effect of this amongst the church community.New Insights and ActionReflecting on the theology of Joseph and this pastoral care situation I would have addressed it in the following wayNot challenged Js behaviour towards A in the initial instance. I should have listened to the problem that was being raised and dealt with that in the way that I did. I would have then arranged another meeting with J to discuss her behaviour and attitude towards A.In a follow up pastoral care situation I would have addressed the feelings of J towards the relationship between A and VW. I would have asked her to share how seeing the relationship form made her feel and why she felt that this might be an issue. Hopefully over age she would have seen her jealousy was not necessarily something that should have been an issue. This may have taken a few pastoral encounters to come to a conclusion. There may have also been a need for a time of reconciliation between J and A and also a session between J, A and VW to discuss the feelings between the three of them. I would have been a good person to facilitate this as I was neutral in the situation and had a relationship with the people involved where there could be honestness and openness.Word Count 1563Appendix 1This situation was part of a larger situation that soon unravelled within the church community so the new actions and insights are speculative as to how I would have handled the situation if it had continued.BibliographyKillen, Patricia OConnell, and John De Beer, The Art Of Theological Reflection, 1st edn (New York Crossroad, 2014)Longman, Tremper, How To Read Genesis, 1st edn (Downers Grove, Ill. Authentic Media, 2005)Mounce, William D, The Crossway ecumenical Concordance Of The Holy Bible, 1st edn (Wheaton, Ill. Crossway Books, 2002)Thompson, Judith, Stephen Pattison, and Ross Thompson, SCM matterguide To Theological Reflection, 1st edn (London SCM Press, 2008)UpChurch, John, and Association Counselors, Genesis 374 Commentary John Gills Exposition Of The Bible, Bible Study Tools,2017 accessed 17 March 20171 Killen and Beer, The Art of Theological Reflection, p. 212 UpChurch, Exposition of the Bible, 3 Longman, How to Read Genesis, p.151

Public Health Awareness Of HIV Health And Social Care Essay

Public Health Aw beness Of human immunodeficiency virus Health And Social Care EssayAlthough human immunodeficiency virus (human immunodeficiency virus) contagion has killed to a greater extent than half a million peck in the United States, a comprehensive world health approach that has stopped other epidemics has non been routined to address this one. When human immunodeficiency virus infection first emerged among stigmatized universe of discourses (homosexual men, injection-drug users, and immigrants from developing countries), the discriminatory responses ranged from descriptions of AIDS as retribution to violence and proposals for quarantine, universal mandatory testing, and even tattooing of infect persons. This response led to HIV exceptionalism, an approach that advocated both for special resources and increased funding and against the employment of stock(a) methods of disease control.1 The need for extra resources remains essential, but the failure to don standard disease-control methods undermines societys ability and responsibility to control the epidemic.Now, given the availability of drugs that can rough-and-readyly treat HIV infection and progress on antidiscrimination initiatives, perhaps society is mend to adopt traditional disease-control principles and proven interventions that can identify infected persons, interrupt transmission system, ensure treatment and case management, and manage infection and control efforts throughout the population (Table 1). Doing so will birth governmental and scotch costs. The political costs include offending both sides of the political establishment conservatives who oppose the fulfilation of effective prevention programs, including syringe exchange and the wide dissemination availability of condoms, and approximately HIV activists who oppose expansion of testing, poster of the partners of infected persons (also known as partner pleader and referral services), and what some see as inappropri ate medicalization of the response to the epidemic. The economic costs, particularly to cleanse population-wide case management and notification of partners, would be substantial. But the human and economic costs of failing to adopt a comprehensive public health approach are much lavishlyer.Table 1. Comparison of Public Health fire to HIV Infection and Other Infectious Diseases.We have identified and elucidated the biology of the virus, established and improved diagnostic tests, and created effective drugs and bursting charge systems that have reduced the outlet of deaths from AIDS in the United States by 70 percent since 1995.2 However, 25 years into the epidemic, progress is st aloneed. The number of deaths among people with AIDS has not declined since 1998, and the number of fresh diagnosed cases is rising slightly.2 Disease transmission continues at the same or, possibly, a slightly higher rate.3 High-risk behavior remains common and is increasing in some groups. Late diag nosis of infection is common.3 Notification of the partners of infected persons is rare.4 Black and Latino patients are less likely than white patients to give birth optimal care.5 Few patients in care receive counseling virtually preventing transmission of the virus.6 All these trends are apparent in New York City, which is home to one in six of all U.S. patients with AIDS.Case Finding and SurveillanceWhen HIV testing became available 20 years ago in the absence of treatment and in the context of discrimination, the use of prescriptive regulations mandating counseling and separate written consent, based largely on the genetic-counseling model of testing for untreatable conditions, was reasonable. Today, the existence of these regulations and the separation of counseling and testing from routine medical care result in missed opportunities to diagnose, treat, and stop the spread of HIV infection. Nearly half of black men tested in public venues where men who have sex with men congr egate (e.g., bars, bathhouses, and parks) in 2004 and 2005 were HIV-positive, and dickens thirds of those who were positive were unaware of their status.7 Our outdated approach to HIV application means that we not further fail to identify infected patients promptly and consequently allow the epidemic to continue to spread, but we may also perpetuate HIV-related stigma by targeting screening only to those perceived to be at risk. Routine, voluntary HIV testing in health care settings, although advocated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for much than a decade,8 widely recommended,9 and cost-effective,10 has not occurred. In New York City in 2002, only one third of adults who had had three or more sex partners in the preceding year and only half of men who had sex with men who had had three or more partners had been tested for HIV in the previous 18 months.Early diagnosis is essential both to link patients to effective care and to prevent the spread of inf ection. The CDC estimates that more than half of new HIV infections are spread by HIV-positive people who are unaware they are infected.11 In nearly 40 percent of persons who received a diagnosis of HIV infection, AIDS both was concurrently diagnosed or developed within a year.3 They had been infected with HIV for about a decade health care and other institutions missed more opportunities to diagnose their infection. As a result of delayed diagnosis, such patients are sicker when they begin to receive care and will thus die sooner than those whose infection is diagnosed promptly. M some(prenominal) unwittingly spread HIV to their spouses, partners, and others. Once they know their diagnosis, people infected with HIV reduce their practice of regretful sex by about half,12 and the risk of heterosexual transmission, at least, is further reduced by treatment that decreases the viral load to below 1500 copies of HIV type 1 RNA per milliliter.13 spontaneous HIV screening and linkage t o care should become a normal part of medical practice, similar to screening for other treatable conditions, such as high cholesterol levels, hypertension, diabetes, and breast cancer. Screening and linkage to care are especially important in communities with a high prevalence of HIV infection.The partners of more than two thirds of people with newly diagnosed HIV infection do not receive organized partner notification, and when contact is attempted, the rate of success varies greatly.4 The notification of partners by public health counselors is more effective than notification by person patients,14 but this approach is rare in most areas. As a result, most partners are not notified of their exposure or offered testing, contributing to late diagnosis and continued spread of HIV. Of 4312 persons with newly diagnosed HIV infection in New York City in 2003, tuition on these persons partners was available for less than a fifth and testing results were confirmed for fewer than 200 par tners. In addition, the policy of offering partner notification only at the time of diagnosis ignores the continuing high-risk sexual behavior of many HIV-positive persons. Systematic notification of partners by public health forcefulness and the use of newer antibody or nucleic acid-amplification tests in addition to traditional methods could identify social networks and acute or early HIV infections and could potentially stop clusters of transmission.Interrupting TransmissionThe application of the public health principles of near-universal screening and treatment has all but eliminated transfusion-related and perinatal transmission of HIV.3 Among injection-drug users, syringe-exchange programs and widespread voluntary screening for the virus reduced the rate of transmission by 50 to 80 percent.15 Further progress in preventing HIV infection is possible interventions to change behavior work16,17,18,19 but reducing sexual transmission is challenging. Evidence-based ways to reduce high-risk behavior include promoting the use of condoms and making free condoms widely available,16,19 including in schools20 making clean needles readily available to people who inject illicit drugs21 and community interventions.19Condoms, which can substantially reduce transmission,16,22 are not widely available nor is their use strongly promoted, and they are still apply infrequently in high-risk sexual encounters.23 Most injection-drug users in the United States continue to use nonsterile needles.24 Until recently in New York City, condom-distribution programs were limited, even in high-risk settings, and several neighborhoods in need of syringe-exchange services were not served by these programs.Systematic Treatment and Case ManagementStandard public health approaches that have every not been applied or been applied inconsistently to HIV prevention and control efforts include public health monitoring to ensure that all HIV-infected patients receive quality care, providing pub lic health support through referrals and outreach for patients who are not receiving effective treatment, monitoring of CD4 cell counts and viral loads to identify patients who may be candidates for treatment or who are lost to care, and assisting clinicians with outreach and partner notification. Although HIV infection remains incurable, AIDS is now a chronic disease for those fortunate abundant to receive effective treatment. The use of effective treatment that incorporates risk-reduction counseling,25 including distribution of condoms, promotion of the use of condoms and clean needles, and treatment for substance abuse and mental health conditions, would improve individual treatment outcomes and reduce disease transmission, but it is uncommon.6Case management is prominent in the HIV service delivery system, yet few if any jurisdictions ensure that every patient is offered effective treatment and prevention services. Public health interventions to monitor and improve HIV case man agement can be effective26 but are rare.Population-Based Monitoring and EvaluationIt took nearly two decades to make HIV reportable throughout the United States, and named reporting is still not universal. Although information on CD4 cell counts and viral loads is collected in most jurisdictions, monitoring these data to determine patients progress is rare. Surveillance for drug-resistant strains of virus in patients who have never been treated is generally not conducted. Information on viral loads, CD4 cell counts, and drug resistance recently became reportable in New York State, thus making it possible to identify patients who are not receiving effective care, monitor trends in drug resistance, potentially identify clusters of disease, and potentially provide physicians and their patients who are not receiving care with more intensive services. Publicly funded case management, treatment, and service systems are not effectively coordinated to ensure a continuum of care. Effective p opulation-based monitoring and rating would track not only the incidence, prevalence, and mortality of HIV infection, but also indicators of the interruption of transmission, such as the use of voluntary testing, proportion of partners notified, linkage to care of those who test positive, and success at reducing viral load when treatment is clinically indicated.The spread of HIV could be reduced substantially if newly infected people promptly learned of their status, reduced high-risk behaviors, and when clinically indicated, began and continued treatment that suppresses viral replication. But few if any jurisdictions even attempt to monitor whether all HIV-infected people receive effective treatment, let alone intervene to provide additional support when patients do not start, discontinue, or do not respond well to treatment. New York City, which has one of the nations strongest case-management infrastructures, has no systematic citywide information available on whether patients h ave begun, are continuing, or have a virologic response to treatment.ConclusionsProven interventions, such as the use of condoms, clean needles, and stretch forthed voluntary screening, and linkage to care, could prevent most HIV infections.27 Improving community-based efforts and counseling of individual patients to prevent transmission, supporting patients to facilitate their return to care, and improving the availability of effective treatment could further reduce transmission. But 25 years into the epidemic, we do not consistently apply these proven strategies.Cost-effective programs include mass-media education campaigns, efforts to make condoms widely available, and interventions to change high-risk behavior in groups with a high prevalence of HIV infection.19 Routine, voluntary screening for HIV is indicated on the basis of clinical efficacy and cost-effectiveness,10 and the cost is moderate, as compared with that of many other health interventions. Notification of an infect ed persons partners after counseling and testing prevents infections and probably saves money.28Using the current CDC estimate of 40,000 new HIV infections per year, the potential to prevent half to two thirds of these infections, and the current amount lifetime cost of care for a patient with HIV infection of $200,000,29 more effective epidemic control would save between $4 one thousand thousand and $5.4 billion per year. Widespread availability of condoms, syringe-exchange programs, public health notification of the partners of infected persons, and improvement of case management and monitoring systems would be unlikely to cost more than an additional $1 billion to $2 billion per year nationally two to three times the current CDC funding for HIV prevention.Controlling epidemics is a fundamental responsibility of the government, working in concert with physicians, patients, and communities. There is a delicate balance between protecting the public and the individual right to pri vacy. Until we implement prevention programs with proven efficacy more widely, make voluntary screening and linkage to care a normal part of medical care and expand screening in community settings, and improve treatment, risk reduction, monitoring, and partner notification, we will continue to miss opportunities to reduce the spread of HIV infection. slightly religious and political groups oppose the use of effective prevention measures. Some advocacy groups oppose expansion of screening and funding of government programs for prevention and control of HIV infection. Some doctors, health care facilities, and organizations will oppose increased monitoring of treatment efficacy moreover, this cannot be accomplished without additional resources. There are few models for this approach, although Malawi has begun to apply public health principles to testing, treatment, and monitoring.30 Although stigma and discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation continue, advocacy has resulted in substantial progress, including antidiscrimination statutes in many states and increasing verse of jurisdictions that recognize the rights of domestic partners. The world has changed in the past 25 years, and approaches to HIV prevention must also change. If we fully apply public health principles to the HIV epidemic, we can improve the health of people living with HIV infection and prevent tens of thousands of people in this country from becoming infected with HIV in the next decade.We are indebted to Drew Blakeman for assistance in the preparation of the manuscript and to Colin McCord and Mark Barnes for helpful comments.Source InformationFrom the New York City incision of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York.

Tourism in the Algarve: History and Sustainable Development

touristry in the Algarve History and Sustainable cultivationIntroductionThe Algarve is the southernmost province of Portugal and has gained a reputation in juvenile age as a everyday phaeton destination. Visitors directly flock to the region each year in order to sample the agreeable humor, landscape and tillage. A plethora of modern amusement parks, leisure facilities and golf courses await the prospective tourist and offer an impressive array of activities to chose from.The tourist labor has been growing steadily in the Algarve since the 1960s, and everyplace 4,5 jillion arrivals were recorded at Faro international airport in 2003. Indeed, when one considers that in 1960 only 353,000 foreign tourists visited the province, one could easily call forth to the upstart ontogenys as a veritable tourist boom.1 Such a surge in activity has naturally provided a great deal of sparing benefit at a local and national level. As Boniface and Cooper perk up noted, tourism is no w a fundamental component of the Portuguese economy and accounts for 8 per cent of GDP.2 However, the rapid expansion of tourist development on the coastal argonas of the Algarve has raised serious concerns regarding the environmental impact of the industry. Many commentators ar now questioning the sustainability of tourism and other commercial projects throughout the province. Indeed, as salutary as environmental considerations, the prospect of an increasingly competitive international tourist commercialise besides exacerbates anxiety. Thus, will it be possible to maintain the thriving tourist sector and sustain commercial development in the Algarve?The Geography of the AlgarveThe climate of the Algarve is highly conducive to the tourist and leisure industries. Temperatures range from a comfortable 15C in January to a peak of 28C in July. Average rainfall is only 1mm in July, whilst during the winter period it rises to 70mm.3 Tourist numbers peak during the summer months of Jun e to August but the mildness of the winter months has permitted entrepreneurs with the probability to promote all year round tourism.The province spans 160 km from the Atlantic Ocean in the westbound to the Spanish border in the east, and extends for 30 to 40 km inland from the southern coast.4 Over 300 km of coastline boasts some of the finest beaches in Europe. Wuerpel has divided the province into three distinct areas, these are the mountainous, unsmooth and lower heterogeneous zones.5 The mountainous region is sparsely populated and the stony soils in many areas are restrictive to agricultural practices. However, the higher rainfall and to a greater extent agreeable bed rock of Serra de Monchique in the west provide excellent mountain pastures. The highest peak in the Algarve (Foia) is located in this range and at 902 metres has experience something of a tourist attraction.The hilly central region which forms a crescent shape between the mountains and the coastline is named the Barrocal by the local peoples. The fine terra-rosa soils of this zone support the orange, almond and fig orchards of the province, as well as the vineyards and olive crops. This area represents the true garden of the Algarve and the small villages, which have maintained much of their traditional character, are to be found here.6 Tourist operators have begun to promote the cultural heritage of these settlements and encourage visits further inland.The coastal vicinity forms Weurpels lower Heterogeneous zone, and it is this area which has undergo the most pressure from recent developments in the tourist and leisure industries. The geography of the coastline bottom be readily divided into two separate sections east and west of the townspeople of Faro, which is the largest settlement in the province and serves as the administrative centre. Picturesque bays, grottoes, coves and outcrops are evident to the west, whilst to the east the coast is flatter with sandy offshore islets (ilh as) and fluff flats. Ellingham, Fisher and Kenyon have highlighted that most tourist development seems to have taken place between Faro and the town of Albufeira. They speak of the Mediterranean style suburbia and imperishable villa complexes which now dominate this stretch of coastline.7The resident population of the Algarve is approximately 350,000. However, the influx of tourists, time-share owners, second home residents and seasonal workers, during the months of June to September, ensures a considerably larger summer population. touristry is the major industry of the province and represents almost 70% of economic activity. The agricultural and fishing industries continue to play their role despite the recent tourist boom. Portugal is too one of the worlds leading exporters of cork and the cork oak trees of the Algarve are a lucrative source of this product.The History of Tourism in the AlgarveThe Algarves rise to become the tourist Mecca of Portugal8 has been relatively rece nt. Wuerpel has noted that the province was endlessly a fundamentally quiet and remote region9 situated on the bang of continental Europe. Ancient Roman ruins may be observed throughout the region, and the ancient fortified city of Silves is testimony to the influence of Moorish civilisation. The restoration of the town of Sagres, which was developed by Henry the Navigator in the 15th century as an important naval centre, now serves as a tourist attraction. However, as Kaplan has highlighted the Algarve is not rich in historical monuments.10 This is partly callable to the deleterious earthquake of 1755 which destroyed many of the ancient sites of antiquity. Wuerpel has commended the province for its odd character by noting that the region has remained singularly distinctive, more Mediterranean than Atlantic, more African than European.11Visits to the Algarve, before the coming of the railway in the late 19th century, were mainly restricted to the health spas of the upland regio n, such as Caldas de Monchique which dates from the 17th century. Communications between Lisbon and the Algarve were poor and consisted of crude mule trails. In 1889 a railroad arrived in Faro and a gradual east/west expansion of the line continued into the 20th century.The 1898 edition of Baedekers guide book of Spain and Portugal only speaks of the small towns of Faro and Loue, which were by wherefore accessible by train. However, by the 1908 edition the author is more revealing when he states that most travellers will scarcely find it worthwhile to visit southerly Portugal and adds, the towns contain nothing of much interest while the places on the coast resemble large fishing villages.12 Indeed, prior to the second world war Portugal was an outmoded bushel and tourism remained a peripheral industry. In the 1930s only 36,000 tourists were visiting the country on an annual basis compared to over 5 million who visited the more well-known resorts of Italy.13As Andrew Holden has explained, since the 1950s on that point has been a rapid increase in the demand in western societies for people to travel internationally and visit a variety of different destinations.14 The post-war economic boom and subsequent rise in disposable income levels now permits more and more people with the opportunity to travel. Since the 1960s Portugal has benefited economically from the influx of tourists and the coming of mass tourism. Improved communication links, such as the international airport near Faro which was opened in 1965, have boosted the performance of the tourist and leisure sectors considerably. Tourist numbers have exhibited an almost continuous upward trend since the 1950s, save for a slight downturn in the seventies after the April Revolution.Sustainable DevelopmentThe notion of sustainable development has been promoted by agencies at a local, national and international level since the 1980s. An increased ken of the finite nature of natural resources within the modern global economy has dramatically altered the decision making process. Holden has noted that the concept of conservation can be traced back to the mid-nineteenth century but that the principles of sustainable development have evolved rapidly in recent long time. The publication of the Brundtland Report in 1987 and the promotion of the get together Nations Agenda 21 programme by government activitys throughout the world have assisted in the solidification of the concept. However, Holden is quick to emphasise that sustainable development is not concerned with the preservation of the physical environment but with its development on sustainable principles.15 In essence, sustainable development seeks to obtain a state of equilibrium between economical, political, cultural, social and environmental interests within a particular area. Developers should be allowed to promote recent projects provided the local population benefits and environmental regulations are observed. The Brundt land report acknowledged that such development is necessary in order to alleviate poverty and reduce migration from disadvantaged regions. However, many commentators have criticised the concept of sustainability due to its ambiguity. Some purport that the principle of agencies, who often hold opposing interests, functioning in a state of equilibrium is idealistic and not practical.Sustainable Development in the AlgarveThe Portuguese have been determined not to overdevelop their tourist regions and emulate mistakes made by their Spanish neighbours in regions such as the Costa del Sol. traditionally the industry has attempted to orientate itself towards the upper end of the market and avoid the deleterious effects of mass tourism.Prior to the April Revolution the government promoted tourist development in the Algarve and generous state subsidies were provided for the province. Strict design restrictions were placed on building projects as the authorities attempted to maintain the dis tinctive Moorish characteristics of the region. However, since the 1970s commentators such as Kaplan have been critical of uncontrolled development and how too many developments bear the marks of speculation and indifference to the shape, the feel, the colour of the land.16 De La Cal has in like manner drawn attention to the resulting hodge-podge of uncontrolled building which exists on the coastline west of Faro and may threaten to scare off many potential visitors who dislike crowded beaches and urban environments.17 Indeed, by the 1980s many felt that the Algarve was in danger of becoming a victim of its own success and that the environmental impact of the new industry would have to be controlled.The Portuguese government had identified 75 sites which were to be designated as protected areas as early as 1973. The Algarve hosted 8 of these sites and a culture of conservation has since been cultivated in the province. Nature reserves such as the Parque Natural do Sudouste and zone s of restricted development have now been established in order to maintain the unique environment. The Plano Nacional de Turismo (1986-89) sought to develop the tourist industry in the Algarve but identified that the natural environment and traditions of the province should be maintained. The government has attempted to realise these objectives through rural tourist programmes, like in north-eastern Algarve, which has suffered from severe depopulation since the 1950s. Tourists are now encouraged to visit the villages of the interior and sample the unique culture. Controlled eco-tourism to the east of Faro and on the western Atlantic coast is intended to generate new sources of income whilst protecting wildlife and fauna. Critics of the National Plan include Lewis and Williams, who believe that economic considerations shall always take precedence in a disadvantaged region such as the Algarve, and that increased environmental and cultural degradation is inevitable.18 Kaplan insists th at the environment is merely a secondary consideration and that money is arbiter but concedes that the beaches of the Algarve are extremely clean.19The World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) have recently assessed the impact of tourism on the economy in the Algarve. They have concluded that the Algarve has the potential to be one of Europes most sought after tourism destinations and that the provinces unique environment, heritage and culture remain largely untapped.21 The organisation has provided a range of recommendations in order to ensure sustainable development in the region.The council arouse that leisure park facilities, such as the Aqualine theme park near Altura, should be encouraged and promoted in order to attract clientele on a year round basis. They have discovered that such facilities are popular with visitors from Portugal and neighbouring Spain. Such a localised customer base would naturally contribute greatly to the sustainability of the Algarves economy. However, the council concedes that Spanish tourists tend to stay for a short period and thus, spend less than northern European and American visitors.The development of golf tourism in the region also provides the possibility of employment out with the summer peak. The agreeable climate and excellent golfing facilities of the Algarve have the potential to attract visitors during downslope and winter. The organisation has also identified the threat posed by new low-budget resorts in eastern Europe. They insist that market and product diversification is now imperative in order to maintain a thriving economy. By targeting senior travellers in northern Europe and by promoting top quality solitude accommodation in the province, the council believes that the Algarve can reduce its dependency on large scale tourist operators. This is also consistent with the Portuguese orientation towards the more soap end of the market. However, the council are concerned that building restrictions on the coast may be hindering development in the region and the sustainability of the tourist industry. They highlight that there is a shortage of high quality accommodation and that it is now over 7 years since the last five star hotel development.21Lewis and Williams have noted the over dependency of the Algarve on visitors from the United Kingdom and how they accounted for 35% of tourists by the late 1980s.22The WTTC have also warned against this trend towards a dependency on the British, Dutch and German markets and recommends promotion in other potential markets. Williams and Shaw have identified that North American tourists tend to spend more during visits and it is hoped that many will be attracted to the new golfing facilities.Studies of Alpine ski resorts in France have shown that the tourist industry is more sustainable within a region if local enthronization and involvement in the industry is permitted and encouraged. Local people tend to be more respective of the environment and c onduct business in a sustainable fashion. The recent international investment in the Algarve may have been beneficial in the short term but an over dependency on foreign investment may have negative consequences. Multi-national corporations may relocate as hastily as they locate in a locality due to international market fluctuations and erratic trends in the tourist industry. Kaplan noted that foreigners are investing in the land, in commerce, in tourism, in the future of Portugal at record breaking levels.23 However, the recent promotion of more inland cultural tourist pursuits such as wine tasting and craft fairs is encouraging.ConclusionThe Algarve represents a typical tourist resort experiencing a range of conflicting interests.There are those who value the aesthetic elements of the province, such as Ellingham, Fisher and Kenyon, who complain that the development and crowds overwhelm the charms that made the Algarve popular in the first place.24 There are also conservationists l ike Gordon Sillence, of the European Network for Sustainable Tourism Development, who warns of the depletion of the local ecosystem, forest and habitat of the Iberian lynx. finished impact assessment Sillence and many others are anxious about the continued level of development in the province and believe that the public authorities should do more to protect the environment.Local people and the many Portuguese who arrive in the Algarve during the summer months to work in the service sector may feel that tourism is an essential and positive factor. The WTTC also espouse this view and feel that more should be done to encourage sustainable economic development in the region. They believe that environmental protection may in fact be hindering economic sustainability. The European Union has looked favourably upon the expansion of the Portuguese tourist industry since the nations ascension to the Union in 1985. EU funds greatly assisted the development of infrastructure throughout the sou th of Portugal and galvanised the tourist sector. However, commentators have warned that since the ascension of the new eastern member states, EU funding for the Algarve will decline considerably.Clearly the Algarve is now at a crossroads in its quest for sustainable development. The WTTC have recommended that the government prepare a comprehensive plan in order to further develop the economy of the region. The organisation has also noted that the Algarve boasts some of the most beautiful and undamaged coastline in all of Europe, unlike its Spanish neighbours. Such a positive environmental factor, as well as the agreeable climate, will surely be of paramount importance as the Algarve attempts to target new tourist markets and diversify its economy in the years to come.BibliographyANDERSON, B. ANDERSON, E. Algarve Landmark Visitors Guide, Landmark, 2001,Pages 9-10, 103BONIFACE, B. COOPER, C. Worldwide Destinations The Geography of Travel and Tourism, Elsevier Butterworth, Heinemann, 2005,Pages 228-230DE LA CUL, M. Portugal, Collins, 1988,Pages 327-340ELLINGHAM, M. FISHER, J, KENYON, G The Rough Guide to Portugal, Penguin, 2002,Pages iv-x, 509-572HOLDEN, A. Environment and Tourism, Routledge, 2000,Pages 161-182KAPLAN, M. The Portuguese Land and Its People, Penguin, 1988,Pages 23-24, 178-179MABBERLEY, D J. PLACITO, P J. Algarve Plants and Landscape Passing Tradition and Ecological Change, Oxford University Press, 1993,Pages 219-243MAGONE, J M. The Developing Place of Portugal in the European Union, Transaction Publishers, 2004,Pages 85-100WILLIAMS, A M. SHAW, G. Tourism and Economic Development occidental European Experiences, John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 1991,Pages 107-129WORLD TRAVEL AND TOURISM COUNCIL. The Algarve The Impact of Travel and Tourism on Jobs and the Economy, World Travel and Tourism Council, 2003,Pages 1-31WUERPEL, C. The Algarve Province of Portugal, David and Charles Inc, 1974,Pages 15-43, 162-169Footnotes1 A M Williams, G Shaw, Tourism and Econo mic Development Western European Experiences, John Wiley and Sons, Second Edition, 1991) 1082 B Boniface, C Cooper, Worldwide Destinations The Geography of Travel and Tourism, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Fourth Edition, 2005) 2273 M Ellinghman, J Fisher, G Kenyon, The Rough Guide to Portugal, Penguin, 2002) xi4 B and E Anderson, Algarve Landmark Visitors Guide, Landmark, 2001) 95 C Wuerpel, The Algarve Province of Portugal, David and charles Inc, 1974) 296 B and E Anderson) 107 M Ellinghman, J Fisher, G Kenyon, The Rough Guide to Portugal, Penguin, 2002) 5098 M De La Cal, Portugal, Collins, 1988) 3279 C Wuerpel) 1610 M Kaplan, The Portuguese The Land and its People, Penguin, 1988) 17811 Wuerpel) 2112 D J Mabberly, P J Placito, Algarve Plants and Landscape Passing Tradition and Ecological Change, Oxford, 1993) 23613 D J Mabberley, P J Placito) 23414 A Holden, Environment and Tourism, Routledge, 2000) 115 A Holden) one hundred sixty-five16 M Kaplan, The Portuguese The Land and it s People, Penguin, 1988) 17817 M De La Cal) 32718 A M Williams, G Shaw) 12719 M Kaplan) 17921 The World Travel and Tourism Council, The Algarve The Impact of Travel and Tourism on Jobs and the Economy, 2003) 421 World Travel and Tourism Council) 1622 A M Williams, G Shaw) 11323 M Kaplan) 2424 M Ellingham, J Fisher, G Kenyon) 509

Love Of Life :: essays research papers

Summary for Love of Life Love of life started out on a sign with two men being the characters. In the beginning they started out as tired and weak. Each man had a rifle. They came upon a some boulders and the man in back slipped over one and sprained his ankle. Bill staggered on with the milky waters. Bill was gone now. He looked at his watch and could not tell if it was in the end of July or beginning of August. He was still laying in the stream that lead to the Coppermine River. The man got up and started to proceed towards his destiny. He winced with pain and through the pack over his left shoulder to take the pressure off his injured ankle. He picked his way through muskeg to muskeg, and followed the other footsteps along and crosswise the boisterous ledges. He survey he was hilucinating when he saw a ship, and the ocean. Every once and a while he would stop. On his journey he came across some bones, bones that looked as if they were chewed up. His hunger pangs did seem as e xquisite anymore. He saw four newly hatched chicks, and he ate them ravenously, punch them alive in his mouth. The chase led him across a swampy ground in the bottom valley and he came across some footsteps, they must(prenominal) be Bills he thought. He began to feel the hallucinations again when he thought he saw a horse, but what was really a bear. He thought to himself here is meat in front of me, I will throw my knife and kill it. But he went on with a new fibre of fear, not a fear that he would die from starvation but be violently destroyed. Now and again wolves passed along his path, but sheered clear of him. He came across some bones, the wolves had must of made a kill. Next thing he was squatting in moss, sucking at the shreds of life. In the afternoon of the conterminous couple days he found a track of a man not walkin but dragging on all fours.

Child Labor :: essays research papers

Christopher Hibberts The English A Social History, 1066-1945, harshly reflects child crowd. The author uses graphic details to portray the noble represent environment that the children, sometimes as young as four and five, were forced to work in. Hibbert discusses in much detail the conditions the children work in, the way they ar mistreated, and what was done to prevent child labor.The children work in various conditions, suffering numerous injuries. In boot factories, children are forced to sit so cozy together that they poke each other with needles many have lost an eye in this way (595). The children work unreasonably long hours (595). Chimney sweepers in particular work long hours, starting at about four a.m. and on the job(p) for twelve hours. These chimney sweepers sleep in bags of soot, wrapping themselves in the bags and straw. They are subjected to suffocating steam, heat, flying hot metal, and the unhealthiest kind of grinding known (595). Those who are employed in mills endure lung problems, scrofula, mesenteric diseases and asthma. Taking into consideration the conditions these children work in, they are obviously mistreated. They are not washed, fed or clothed, resulting in malnutrition and children clad in rags (597). Employers even use mistreatment to teach the children how to do their jobs. Hibbert describes that you cant be soft with them, you must use violence (595). Chimney sweepers can sometimes go fifteen months without being washed except the rain (595), wearying the same shirt until it is worn thin. To harden the flesh of the sweepers, their elbows and knees are rubbed profusely with the strongest brine, leaving their limbs streaming with blood (596). Workers sometimes found themselves caught in a machine, abject by a machine, or swung by a machine. They suffered multiple injuries that were always ignored, most of the time consequently becoming fatal. The workers were not only subjected to poor workings conditions, but being m istreated within them. It wasnt for long after laws were made that treatment of children laborers improved.Many felt strongly opposed to child labor but assumed nothing could be done. However, working conditions slowly but surely improved. Their diets became better. It became illegal to employ children in certain circumstances. Laws were passed so children were not working such long hours. They were even given off for holidays.